فصلنامه اثر
پیاپی 99 (زمستان 1401)

During the Qajar period, relations between Iran and European countries expanded. Since the commercial and political highway, from the capital of the Qajar state in Tehran to Bandar Anzali on the northern border, was considered a strategic passage in the communication network of Iran with Russia and Europe, fundamental changes in the implementation of road construction operations, including the repair, development, establishment and equipping of inter-road places was necessary. Among them, the oldest and most important service places for travelers have been caravanserais. The main purpose of this research is the typology of architecture, the influence of the role of climatic conditions and geographical location in the process of architectural formation of caravanserais on the Tehran Anzali route.The findings have been researched based on library sources and field archaeology. The method of data analysis is qualitative. The results of the data show that the largest number of caravanserais were out-of-town in terms of typology. The variety of climatic conditions of the route has not been adapted to the form and architectural features of caravanserais. Although the different geographical location has caused minor differences in the architectural elements of some of them, all these types of caravanserais were built following the same architectural pattern as the four-porch caravanserais with courtyards of the Safavid period.A small number of other caravanserais were of the inner-city type. Their architectural structure and form was in accordance with the geography and climate of the regions where they were located.

Espahbad Khorshid cave is one of the giant natural arches in the world, which has a fantastic architecture of the late Sassanid Age. Inside this arch, we encounter architectural works of the Sassanid Age, built of stone rubble and Saroj mortar. The purpose of this research is to study the architectural works of this site and compare them with other architectural works of the Sassanid Age in other parts of Iran. The question of this research is, what are the similarities between architectural works discovered in Espahbad Khorshid cave and other architectural works from the Sassanid Age?The research hypothesis in answering this question is the use of stone rubble, Saroj mortar, rocking arches, and crescent arches in Espahbad Khorshid cave shows the significant similarity of this architecture with Sassanid Age architecture. This research uses fieldwork and documentation of architectural works discovered in Espahbad Khorshid cave. The results show that the architecture in this cave is significantly similar to the architectural works of the Sassanid Age in other parts of Iran. One of them is Dokhtar castle in Firuzabad, Fars province. Therefore, we can say the architectural works discovered from the Espahbad Khorshid cave are one of the unique architecture of the late Sassanid Age found in the Mazandaran region, and in terms of architecture, historical Age, and height of the castle has significant importance.

Qajar period is one of the most amazing periods in the Iranian art. Because the relationship with West gave special features to the society. Qajar was transformed by new connections with outside world, and the flow of art also benefited from these influences; Strengthening relations with West facilitated the appearance of some works of art. Mural painting is one of the arts that was influenced by western themes, and reached its peak. With regard to this issue and to aim of investigating the reason for the formation of designs in Shahshahani House, the present study is of interpretive-historical type, using library studies, documents and field studies to present the results. So, after studying the Iranian society of that time, the article has investigated the developments of that period with helping the mural paintings of the Shahshahani House, and the questions are: How do the social changes of Qajar have an effect on the mural paintings of Shahshahani House? And why do the pictures in Shahshahani House have two different concepts in themes? Therefore, the themes of the mural paintings were divided in, two general designs and four groups. After examining, we can conclude how they tell the changes in the Iranian society. These images show the influence of Iranian traditions from political, social and cultural conditions, which are only visible and as an image of Europe, in the form of changes in clothing and behaviors even in mythological motifs to imitate Europeans in Beside Iranian culture, it has been done.

After mosques, the tomb can be considered as one of the most common Islamic architectural buildings in Iran. Due to the large number of tombs, many researches have been done in this regard. In these researches, they have discussed the history of tomb building in Iran and different types of tomb buildings, and they have generally and unanimously divided Iran's tomb buildings into two types, tower tombs and tombs with a square dome plan. The present research examines the tomb buildings of West Azerbaijan province and after a brief look at the records of the above-mentioned researches, in the first step, it identifies the tomb buildings in the studied area and then 15 of them, which are tombs in terms of body, existing condition, nature and historical background, were eligible, have been selected for review. In the review process, after recognizing and introducing each case sample and completing the documentation, all samples are compared in terms of background, architectural pattern and other characteristics, and finally, like the tomb buildings of the Islamic era of Iran, they are divided into two categories; the mausoleum tower and the square domed pattern are placed. In the examined samples, the tomb tower pattern was formed in the historical range from Seljuk to Timurid period and the domed square pattern was formed from Safavid to Qajar period

World heritage is crucial importance to societies and the great potential to contribute to Development goals. Liverpool's experience, however, sheds light on other aspects of nation-states encounter with cultural heritage. This reflects conservation should be the catalyst for development, not an obstacle. According to this, main Question is, "why in Liverpool, the benefits of development are considered preferable to the protection of the world heritage of the city?”. To answer this question, research methods is Historical study by focusing on national and academic document that published in the research scope and data analyzing accomplished based on content analysis. The result of the study shows that the emergence of this conflict between Conservation and Development is firstly affected by the prevailing theoretical discourse at the national and local level; a discourse with the foundations of growth, which has penetrated into the managerial and supervisory approach and the content characteristics of the managing documents and the planning system. Second, it is influenced by the procedural and substantive weakness of the UNESCO. Based on this, changing the discourse from the mere development to the synchronicity of conservation and development at the national and local level, and adopting a positive attitude and committed approach in relation to the world heritage and UNESCO principles by the member states, along with improving the institutional status UNESCO and executive usability of its production documents are solutions that will lead to a more comprehensive support of the cultural and natural heritage and prevent such experiences.

Masafaris, Al-Masafaris, Kangaris or Selaris were local families who ruled Tarem region, a part of the Alborz mountain range in Dilam, from the beginning of the 4th century to the end of the 5th century AH. The historical texts mention the beginning of the rule of this dynasty at the same time as the conquest of the Samiran fortress and the domination of Tarem.Also, these documents indicate that Rudbar and Tarem were considered two important centers of Dilam and also the residence of the rulers of the region. A group of this family also dominated parts of Azerbaijan, Zanjan, Abhar and Sohraward provinces. Al-Musafir, with their inclination towards the Ismailis, showed characteristic features of resistance against other local powers and governments related to the region in the territory of the Abbasid Caliphate. Dej Samiran, which is known as the fortress of the King of Dilam, is actually the base of this local government. This fort is a kind of military base.Tarem is also known as an important political center and emir seat during the Delamian period. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue and the presence of the Al-Masafir family in this area, the present study tries to introduce the political role of Samiran citadel, the reasons and reasons for choosing the Tarem region by the travelers, as an important base.

Qara-Hasanlu is an area that, due to its location in the middle of the Ardabil plain, is of great importance in the archaeological studies of the region. During the archeological exploration in this area, various examples of pottery finds were obtained, which have not been researched so far. Advanced research based on library and field studies; It seeks to introduce, typology and relative chronology of the pottery of the mentioned area through the study of pottery obtained from the results of Qara-Hasanlu excavation and their comparative comparison with other places. The main question of this research is posed as follows; According to the variety of pottery types and matching them with other areas, the chronology of the pottery of this area reaches which period? The research findings show that its pottery includes all kinds of bowls, jars, Cebu, pot and pot, which are among the pottery of Iron I and II and historical period (Ashkan). The pottery of this area has similar types with other regional and extra-regional areas, including the north and northwest of Iran. Finally, according to the other cultural data obtained, the relative chronology of the site can be interpreted in such a way that this site was probably settled for the first time during the Iron Age I and II and after a gap period. Once upon a time, Parthian people turned this place into a ritual place by building an adobe platform on this hill and settled in this area temporarily and in some seasons.

Residential farmsteads as small biological complexes with dependent elements such as; manors were designed by local architects and then gradually built. Because of the presence of the landlord and his family, the architecture of these buildings was usually more luxurious, and it was in a better location than other elements. The manor of Mohammad Hossein Khan Khalaj in Qazibala farmstead is also one of the dozens of manors that have been identified in the fields of the hot and dry climate of Iran and needs a deeper physical investigation.The moot point of the research is the need to know more about the architecture of manorial buildings belonging to residential farmsteads in Iran. Based on this, two main questions are raised with the aim of introducing a Qajar period manor in the heart of Qazibala farmstead: 1. What are the physical characteristics of the manor of Mohammad Hossein Khan Khalaj? 2 What impact has the manor's ownership had on physical characteristics? In this article, considering the historical nature of the subject, the interpretive approach and historical interpretive method are used. Authentic historical documents, old photographs of owners, interviews with survivors, and extensive field studies have all contributed to a better understanding of this issue. This research has come to the conclusion that criteria such as; comfort, strength, entertainment and luxury can be understood and read as general principles in the tradition of building the manor of Mohammad Hossein Khan Khalaj.

Seals are important sources in the analysis of the history of each era. Methodological study of these works plays an important role in clarifying the political, social and economic issues of different historical periods. The motifs on the seals show the belief and attitude of the people of that time to the world around them. In addition to conveying aspects of visual beauty to the viewer, these motifs also convey the thoughts of its creators. Animal motifs have been more efficient and of great interest to Sassanid artists. Bull, as the fifth creature of Ohrmazd, from an economic, mythological and religious point of view, was the center of attention of Sassanid seal artists and owners. In this research, the authors, after taking a brief look at the role of the bull in the mythology and ancient texts of Iran, have examined it on Sassanid seals, and also introduced three inscribed seals with the motif of bulls from Bu- Ali Sina Museum which have been read by the authors of this article for the first time. At the end, the issue of possession and ownership of these seals and the concept of the inscriptions of the three seals have been examined. This article is prepared in a documentary way based on library studies and field research.

Cultural heritage, as a trace of human throughout history, has several values that can be explored and redefined subject to the requirements of different societies and cultures. Lack of attention to the values have led to several problems in the preservation process. One possible way to investigate the roots of this problem is to examine the attitudes of various stakeholders towards cultural heritage from the past to the present. The focus of this study is on the study of related documents in the country, the pathology of attitudes towards cultural heritage, and, in particular, the relation between types of heritage values and preservation approaches. To this end, five research instruments were uses (Civil and Development Programs, Laws and Regulations, Statute of Intervening Organizations and Institutions, Description of Conservation Services, and Interviews with Theory and Practice Experts) to investigate the pathology of the process of heritage resources conservation. Simultaneous study of these five sources and investigation of the types of values and protective approaches in each document and their possible temporal overlap are among innovations of this study. The research methodology was applied-practical based on research questions. Data collection was carried out using library-based and documentary techniques, as well as interview. Studies on the documents indicated that in most of the documents, we can see the lack of attention to the concept of cultural heritage values and, consequently, value-based preservation approaches.