نشریه رهپویه معماری و شهرسازی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1401)

Technology is as old as human life. When Man learned how to use materials and natural phenomena, he started making tools. This era is characterized by artificial intelligence and global communication, which has caused radical changes in various aspects of human lives, including the design and construction of living spaces. This article examines technological developments in recent decades with a qualitative and analytical method and using relevant documents and sources, to examines the impact of the latest design and construction tools, such as replicating rapid prototypers (RepRaps) in the evolution of architectural design. The discussed topics will illustrate the future of architects and architecture in interaction with such new technologies and explain the possible consequences of these developments on the construction of buildings and cities. Advanced manufacturing methods can be classified into five categories: additive manufacturing, subtractive manufacturing, digital moulding, digital assembly, and composite manufacturing. The additive construction method is said to be a method in which the structure is built by accumulating materials. In digital construction techniques, additive manufacturing mainly refers to manufacturing by 3D printers. 3D printers are able to create structures using semi-fluid materials layer by layer. Subtractive manufacturing refers to the method of carving or shaving solid material to build structures. Examples of this include carving wood by CNC machines or carving foam by hot wires using robotic arms. Construction by digital moulding is a type of construction in which structures or components of structures are created by dynamic moulds or ones that are made by digital methods. Manufacturing by digital assembly is a method in which the components of a structure are assembled by digital manufacturing machines such as robotic arms. Mesh shell structures can be made in this way. There is another type of digital fabrication called hybrid fabrication where the structure is constructed by combining two or more digital fabrication methods.Additive manufacturing technology is rapidly expanding and becoming commonplace. Until a decade ago, additive manufacturing was mainly used in industries such as medicine, industrial design, automotive and aerospace. The construction industry was very slow in taking advantage of the benefits of additive manufacturing. In architecture, this technique was only used to make cosmetic objects or to make mock-ups or models as supplements to design documents. In recent years however, with the emergence of 3D printers in architectural dimensions, the construction industry is in the phase of transition from traditional systems to more advanced manufacturing or fabrication techniques.Since the last decade, technologies such as robotic arms, gantry cranes, circular cranes and cable robots have been used in 3D printing of buildings. The field of 3D printing in the construction industry is a multidisciplinary field. The professions in this field are architecture, material engineering, mechanical engineering of solids and semi-fluid materials, computer engineering and robotics. In terms of materials used, cement is one of the most common materials used in 3D printing of buildings.A self-producing machine or a replicating prototyper is a type of autonomous machine that has the ability to reproduce itself autonomously using raw materials obtained from the surrounding environment. Thus, replicating is is no longer unique to living systems. Today, artificial intelligence is surpassing human intelligence, and due the desire for more speed and less error, they will eventually replace humans in most sectors of the industrial production.On the other hand, people in the information age will no longer receive their goods from factories, since with the rapid proliferation of 3D printers and prototypers, each person will soon have the ability to produce what s/he need. Even houses will be printed simultaneously by cloud printers controlled by ordinary people or artificial intelligence. In such a scenario, factories will only produce the raw materials used for RepRaps and other advanced manufacturing machines.Because of this, the world will change dramatically. Soon houses will have the ability to produce their own components, replicas or repair themselves like living organisms. The role of designers and architects will also change fundamentally. With the expansion of blueprints, buildings and cities and the ever self-sufficiency of individuals, over time, culture, art, politics, economy and other human endeavours will undergo fundamental changes too. With such a forecast, the use of such new technology requires purposeful theories and foresight, in order to control this double-edged sword.

Creativity and innovation play a significant role in business success because they can lead to the formation of new ideas. Innovation factories have created a suitable platform for creating ideas in business. The current research seeks to identify physical factors that increase creativity in office environments. Also, a question arises of how these factors are effective in interior design. The data has been collected by reading books and articles. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results show that factors such as visual details, landscape and natural materials, color schemes, furniture, and the shape and size of the space affect the level of creativity. The level of creativity can be improved by considering the complexity of visual details, observing aesthetic factors and placing artworks in the interior space, using greenery and integrating the natural environment with the interior space, using natural materials, and using low saturation colors.
 Today, with the advancement of knowledge and technology and the wide flow of information, developing countries are trying to provide the platforms to move towards new economic systems so that they can achieve economic and technological growth. To achieve this goal, we should pay attention to issues such as innovation and creativity. For this reason, there is a demand for research in the fields of creativity and intellectual abilities.
 The method is analytical-qualitative and case-based. Library methods and field studies are used to collect information. To explain the issue, Iranian and foreign examples, such as Azadi Innovation Factory in Tehran, Shiraz Innovation Factory, Brunner, IBC, and Station F were selected as samples and the theoretical foundations of the research will be examined by their analysis.
 Visual details are designed according to aesthetic factors and based on the brand identity of active startups. The ceiling, floor, and walls are designed with visual and artistic details, which is the most important thing in the IBC factory. Natural materials such as wood were used in parts of architectural elements such as floors, walls, or furniture, but this was not considered in the Shiraz factory. Natural light and vegetation are among the elements that have improved the natural landscape in the interior, and a different atmosphere has been created in the IBC factory using natural elements, such as water and light. Different color schemes are used in the samples, which include warm and cold colors. Various furniture of different sizes and colors have been used and they provide the possibility of sitting in different positions. In the case examples, more natural scenery and fewer visual details have been taken into consideration than other factors.

This article is about public architecture. Public buildings with the primary function of cultural or artistic activities are one of the most essential elements of today’s cities. They provide effective vibrant centers for public attendance and assembly, and also for their valuable collective activities, voluntary communications, and special events and ceremonies. So, they play a very efficient role in enriching the city’s artistic-cultural content and improving its social life and identity. Because of their memorial, cultural, and sometimes artistic natures, these buildings usually try to apply unique style and high-quality meritorious architecture, which usually originates from the society’s history, culture, traditions, future goals, wishes, values, and needs. But the most significant aspect of these buildings is their role in enhancing the quality of their surrounding environment, as a part of the city’s public realm and the stream of collective urban life related to it. Recognizing a building with public use as a part of the environment where it is located, and integrating the public building with its periphery and the surrounding land is a necessary task that can ensure increasing the guilty of the urban environment and collective life associated with the architectural element. This is exactly what is unfortunately often overshadowed by architectural debates on issues such as formal, aesthetic, and structural considerations, while it is impossible to evaluate correctly a public architectural work without recognizing its role in the urban citizens’ image, their everyday life, their collective experience, and their specific activities and attendance. It is truly remarkable how people perceive the new public building, how they feel about it, and how they use it in everyday life or their specific activities. These issues are very influential because they form public architecture’s visual and mental image, its role and position in the city, and its reputation as a perfect meaningful lovely public symbol, or on the contrary, a meaningless, ugly weird huge building! On this basis, this research tries to illustrate a useful, impartial criticism and evaluation of our current public architecture, based on its compatibility with the urban public realm and collective life. In this regard, it starts to study relative documents to extract physical and contextual criteria of favorable urban places. It helps to evaluate the favorability of public buildings, not from the architectural, aesthetic, or structural point of view, but from the urban life point of view, and based on their potential for creating good active urban focal points to attract peoples’ collective life and interactions. It is trying to answer this main question that which qualities can help a public building to create a live well-defined urban place around itself. To answer this question, the research identifies three components of a good urban place based on document review and theatrical analysis. These components are physical, operational, and social–experimental components. The research also identifies the criteria and indexes for each mentioned component. In the next stage, 15 experts were asked to rank these criteria and indexes based on their importance. So we achieved some points for each criterion and index based on the Delphi method and hierarchy analysis. After that, to develop this debate, the research compares the favorability of two famous cases of current public architecture in Tehran, first: the city theatre and second: The Mellat Cinema Complex, and evaluates them based on the previously mentioned criteria and indexes and their points. I adopted these two buildings because they are good representatives of Iranian modern architecture with similar functions, which refer to different styles, ideas, and periods. They are both new modern architectures in their time that adopted public uses relating to art and culture. They are both attractive architectural elements and have attractive uses for people. But they have different approaches to art, architecture, and the environment. So, this comparison can provide a good comprehensive recognition and analysis of the approaches toward place-making, urban life, and collective perception and satisfaction in our current public architecture and the evolution of these approaches over time. The results of this comparison and evaluation show that Tehran City Theatre is more favorable and compatible with human needs and social life. But Mellat Cinema Complex also acts well concerning some relevant criteria such as visual and physical permeability and social-experimental components and gets good points.

Urban spaces as the context of civic life and urbanism are still unknown in terms of nature despite their semantic simplicity. We can define urban space in a broader sense: "Urban space is one element of urban space construction that is always formed and transformed by the history of a nation that emerges in different eras". Urban spaces have always been one of the most essential elements in the city's structure since they are home to all the different cultural, economic, social, and political activities that have been going on throughout the history of the city. 
The historic districts of each city have a fundamental role in preserving the recognition and culture, attracting tourists and capital, and creating vitality and continuous effort in the city. These districts form the main character of the city. The quality of urban space, both to attract capital and tourists and improve the quality of citizen’s life, will play a significant role in the economic and social situation of nations. Paying attention to public spaces that are used by everyone means paying attention to the quality of life of all the people who live in the city.
Urban spaces as a context for the emergence of civil life, despite the simplicity of the meaning, are still unknown in terms of nature. However, the issue of urban space in a broader sense can be defined as follows: "Urban space is one of the elements of the spatial construction of the city, which is always formed and transformed by the history of a nation that comes into being in different periods". This element that different activities Cultural, economic, social, and political have always flowed in it, it always beats with the heart of the city's history and shapes the history of the city, and it has always been important as one of the main elements in the city's structure.
When the idea of ​​the active and modern use of historic districts and monuments in cities is introduced, they must be prepared in time to meet the new needs and adapt to the requirements of modern life. Today, in historic districts, many spaces have lost their function and are inactive, ruined, and abandoned buildings scattered throughout the district. Most space openings have been turned into parking, and there is no longer a place for social interaction. Many passages have inactive business units that used to be the center of the neighborhoods in the past. Historic districts often suffer from the evacuation of residents, and many units of the neighborhood have become dilapidated or abandoned, which has reduced the quality of public spaces. Some of the historic houses in the district have been renovated by the residents and the service uses are provided in them, but these services are scattered and these attractions must act as continuous and coordinated routes.
In the past, urban spaces in Iran were often formed based on the needs of residents and had good efficiency for the life of citizens. Therefore, in the historic cities of Iran, the characteristics of public spaces, the main of which is to create a connection between the components of space, are still visible. Today, although the role and importance of urban public space as an integral part of urban development programs in improving the quality of urban spaces is undeniable, relying on functionalism in public spaces and the dominance of movement and flow in it, has led to a declining trend. With the creation of cross-shaped streets, public spaces have lost their connection due to fragmentation, and with the transfer of activities to the edges of the streets, neighborhood centers have often been deactivated. This has caused many buildings to be abandoned, inactive, and ruined in the historic districts, and on the other hand, due to the neglect of their needs over the years, their quality is lost.
The core aim of this study is to identify the importance of quality criteria in urban public spaces and to measure and rank them according to the needs of residents and improve the quality of the historic district of Kashan to provide the necessary basis for more presence of citizens in public spaces. The research has been conducted with a quantitative method. Data were collected through literature review, library documents, and field studies, and the S.W. Kendall and Spearman tests were used to rank and correlate the criteria.
Findings of the research, which are obtained by assessing the status of the case study, reviewing successful internal and external experiences, statistical data, and testing hypotheses, indicate that there is a significant correlation between the two criteria of cognition - mental image, diversity - performance and vitality - social dynamics.

Autism disorder is a pervasive developmental disability that accompanies a child from birth, and these children have problems communicating with others, speaking, and sometimes with movement due to specific mental disorders. For this reason, in public spaces, they sometimes get tense despite some obstacles. In fact, autism is a child's inability to communicate with people or situations. Autism is characterized by deficits in social reactions, communication, limited attention, and repetitive behaviors. Henry Moseley was the first psychiatrist who seriously paid attention to young children with severe mental disorders in 1867. Hans Asperger used the word autism in German culture in 1938. In the late 1960s, autism was established as a distinct syndrome and was distinguished from mental retardation, schizophrenia, and other developmental disorders. Autism spectrum disorder was listed as a separate category in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1980. became. The diagnostic criteria of autism spectrum disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders are divided into 3 levels based on the amount of damage in communication and social interaction as well as repetitive and limited behaviors (Jalil Abkanar et al., 2015: 62). The first level requires more care than it is level three and also level one is the most intense spectrum and needs much more support and attention than other levels.) Metro stations, buses, recreational areas, etc., and parks are considered as part of public spaces, which must have a special dynamic and be such that its spaces can be used by the general public, both healthy and disabled. Research shows that people with moderate functioning autism have a very consistent routine in terms of daily movements, but unfortunately most of them only move between the house and nearby and known places (such as special shops or gyms). And their presence is less seen in other places. In Iran, the number of autistic children is increasing and it is very important to pay attention to the needs of these children in the cities. In addition to education and occupational therapy, these types of children need happy and recreational environments that meet the standards of the World Autism Health Organization. In Iran, only two parks (Fershtgan in Tabriz and Nahj al-Balagheh Park in Tehran) have been registered in the name of autistic children, which do not meet any basic standards (both educational and visual). In this park, the children using games are partners with each other. |This partnership leads to the withdrawal of autistic children and their harassment, and ultimately the exclusion of these children from playing environments. According to the stated issues, the lack of effective criteria for park design is noticeable. This research attempts to examine the key principles in park design for autistic children and the extent of the impact of each, and finally, with the information obtained, analysis and Analyze solutions to improve these shared spaces. And finally, the main question of this research is what are the effective criteria for designing for autistic children and what is the most effective. The main goal of this research is to achieve the proper principles of designing a park for autistic children, and in this regard, firstly, the theories proposed in the field of autism, the difference between its different levels, and how these children communicate with other people, as well as a review of the symptoms and different spectrums of autistic children. It was investigated and then some principles were extracted according to the documentation and interviews of the medical staff for the design of the park, which include color, light, vegetation, furniture, playground, water, wall art, parking lot and sidewalk and finally Using a questionnaire that was filled by parents of autistic children in the age group of 6-10 years and using Friedman's test, the most effective criteria for the design of recreational spaces was evaluated by SPSS software. The research answered the question on what autism is, and presented a solution for designing a park for autistic children according to the main principles obtained. According to the analyzes made, color and vegetation are more valuable for these children and should be taken into account and given more attention in the field of design.

Nowadays, the relationship between man-made and natural environments is getting weaker and one of the major consequences of this phenomenon is the increasing act of building construction on the hill slopes and in the foothills, which has destroyed such valuable natural environments. Since past times, especially in recent years, there has been an increase in the phenomenon of mount-grabbing in the outskirts of the cities and the rural areas which have exerted several human, environmental, and urban damages. Therefore, the present research aims to “achieve solutions to establish a communication between the man-made environment and the natural environment through an effective intermediary element alongside preventing the phenomenon of mount-grabbing”. The case study has been selected from among the three areas capable of being investigated i.e. the fringe areas of Zafar Township, Baghestan district, city of Karaj. The reason for choosing this area is the existence of the dried-up stream of Delambar, which bears the values and potentials of design as an effective intermediary element between the man-made and the natural environments. Among the most important objectives of the present research, one can refer to preventing the phenomenon of mount-grabbing by creating and strengthening an effective intermediary element between the human and the natural environments. The theoretical foundations of this research are set upon theories such as the Theory of Geddes, Urban Metabolism, and Accreditation whose most important elements are human, nature, city, and community. Moreover, it can be also referred to case studies such as Santos road, Sanabria Natural Park, and Petersburg valley that are fully investigated in this research. Another objective of this paper is the use of the weak point of space and converting it into a strength, according to which we can activate the space by socializing the area, and be able to prevent the phenomenon of mount-grabbing to some extent, but not completely, by strengthening and creating proper performances. Based on the mentioned theories, case studies, and the relevant investigations and analyses, the present research has reached a theoretical framework consisting of a group of components and subcomponents alongside injecting the functions and characteristics into the effective intermediary element (Delambar stream) to establish a communication between the man-made and the natural environments. In addition, based on the field observations, documentary and library research, photographs, interview with the Parks Organization of Karaj Municipality aimed at acquiring information on the structural-strategic plans of the district, interviews with the plan consultants, interviews with the residents of Baghestan and Zafar Township, the research has achieved an empirical model by concluding the theoretical framework. The present research has been conducted based on a theoretical framework and an empirical model, and it has achieved solutions for a general structural-strategic plan on a macro scale as well as rules and regulations for preventing the phenomenon of mount-grabbing besides solutions for designing an effective intermediary element within the framework of urban design. For the case studied in Zafar Township, Baghestan district, these solutions were experienced in the form of physical-spatial planning within the framework of urban design.
Rules and regulations for dealing with mountaineering based on analysis: 1. Spaces that have been left without function and activity should become suitable functioning spaces in a way that prevents, and destroys the natural environment and damages them; 2. Buildings built in natural environments that cause serious damage are destroyed uninterruptedly to prevent them from continuing. Seriously deal with these measures; 3. Rejecting the order to build any construction in the private and natural environments (mountains, streams, etc.); 4. The most important priority should be natural resources and environments, regardless of personal interests; 5. With intruders in the privacy of natural environments, legal and serious treatment must be taken; 6. Designate and register construction spaces in spaces on the margins of natural environments; 7. Create an effective and strong intermediary element in the margins of natural environments to prevent mountaineering and preserve and protect natural resources; 8. In the privacy of the mountains, the intermediary element of the "green wall" is used to protect the privacy and prevent it from advancing towards the mountains; 9. According to the criteria and within the framework of urban design, there is a kind of boundary, a certain boundary between the man-made environment and the natural environment, preventing the crossing into the mountains.