نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 7 (پیاپی 122، مهر 1401)

International environmental law examines and systematizes the manifestation of space, recognizing its status and formulating the evolving legal system, human and state contributions to the atmosphere, the fate of the earth and the sky, and the damage to the layers of the sky. This study is a descriptive and theoretical study of the status analysis of the legal system of environmental and air pollution, the principles governing outer space activities in exploration, exploration and exploitation, as well as nuclear and nuclear weapons activities. And military and mass destruction in the face of the peaceful use of space and the prevention of harmful activities and the abandonment of space debris and the approaches and actions of advanced and developed governments and developing states and the study of the factors of convergence and divergence and justice between Generation and Trans generational in Responsibility and Responsibility for Trans boundary Injuries and Responsibilities State International on Damages, In particular the Common But Different Responsibilities of Governments, the Common Interest of Humanity and the Common Inheritance and the Concern of Humanity. Investigations indicate that, with a set of structural and environmental measures regarding astronauts, spacecraft and rockets and spacecraft, referring to their components and objects and objects thrown into space, as well as recording these in exploration and exploitation, Satellite recording and communications and remote sensing, in keeping with the principle of freedom over territory and space at various levels, are examining the challenges ahead of the assumption that the current legal system has been able to fill all the gaps in pollution.

Protected areas in the country requires monitoring and protection measures due to reduced quality. Therefore, in this regard, degradation model could be applied by quantifying human activities The aim of this study was environmental impact assessment of development in Bagh-e Shadi protected area using the degradation model in 2020.

 To implement this model in the study area, first the area was divided into 406 pixels with a scale of 1: 50,000 and dimensions of 500 x 500 cm. Using existing maps, field observation and experts' opinions, 8 factors of degradation model in the whole region were identified and their severity was determined.

The results showed that among the identified degradation factors, tourism activities had the most degradation in the protected area of Bagh-e Shadi. Then, the ecological vulnerability of the area was calculated using slope, direction, altitude, climate, soil depth, vegetation density, temperature, rainfall, land use with GIS tools and classified according to severity. After calculating the physiological density, the degradation coefficient was calculated in each of the pixels and was classified into 6 classes and 3 categories based on fuzzy theory.  Then all networks are compared in terms of severity and extent of degradation and the whole region was divided into three zones: prone to further development, in need of reconstruction and in need of protective measures.Discussion and

 The results showed that in terms of land quality, 27.83% of the region is in the category of prone to further development (second categories), 35.22% in the requires reconstruction categories, 29.31% in the categories requires protective measures 64.7% are in the floor in need of protection measures (first categories).

After the flood, especially in recent years, the key question is what the relationship between environmental law system and the flood crisis?. In this regard, environmental law has been enshrined in the pre, before and after the flood, with numerous rules, laws and regulations. The importance of analyzing the relationship between floods and environmental rights goes back to the impact that environmental laws and regulations and natural resources have on each other. On the one hand, ignoring and violating preventive laws and regulations of the environment and natural resources can lead to the occurrence of this crisis. On the other hand, flooding can have a adverse effect on the environment.In Iranian environmental law, despite the adoption of numerous laws and regulations to prevent flooding, numerous deficiencies can be investigated. These deficiencies can be classified into three categories: normative, institutional, and behavioral. In this paper, the author use an analytical-descriptive approach, library resources, laws and regulations and procedures. While presenting the existing environmental law system, the environmental legal approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the three periods before, during and after the flood to be examined.The basic presumption of this article in response to the main question is that in order to prevent and deal with the flood crisis, there are three categories of legal deficiencies mentioned, especially in the field of laws and regulations, and environmental laws and regulations related to floods need to be amended.

The connection between fossil fuel production and uses and violence against local women, and the escalation of violence against women due to climate change and also violence against women who defend the importance of environment protection and critcise the uses of fossil fuels are issues that highlight the importance of access to clean energy in reducing violence against women. Given the neglect, denial and insufficient attention to the impact of energy on the escalation of violence against women by researchers and policymakers, this study is a descriptive-analytical research using international documents and established views of the international institutions intends to discuss the relationship between fossil energy uses and production and violence against women to suggest a way to a common future.  Research findings show that women's access to the clean energy is very effective in reducing violence against them, while the issue of violence against women criticizing fossil fuel uses is a new challenge to international law and women's rights that needs to be addressed.

 A good lighting condition in an office building, in terms of energy efficiency,  is achievable through better use of natural light, but this requires consideration of all effective parameters. Therefore, providing the desirable daylighting in office environments that are based on the priorities of employees, is a necessity in terms of design and construction. Despite much research in this area, there is no comprehensive theoretical framework. The aim of this study is to achieve a comprehensive model in this regard.

 At first, an analytical review of research related to the use of natural light in office buildings has been done. In this section, the meta-analysis method and comparison of the results of previous researches and the development of a theoretical model have been used. Then, by using the opinions of 15 experts - with experience in office space design - and fuzzy network analysis, the proposed variables and parameters in this theoretical model are tried to be prioritized. 

 According to which, people's preferences in the three structures of employees' mental priorities over natural light and their priorities in relation to the required lighting efficiency and in relation to lighting control equipment can be summarized. In addition, the most important components affecting the determination and limitation of these priorities are stated.

 The results of fuzzy analysis of the components obtained from the mentioned studies and the proposed framework showed that the variables of optimal levels of light and visual comfort and glare and parameters of distance from the window and landscape can have a greater impact on creating optimal lighting conditions.

Cake from hot-filtrate of zinc production industries containing about 16-24% of zinc and harmful metals such as cobalt, which it releases to environment caused to the harmful effects. These pollutions are one of the main concerns of this industry so the goal of present work is cobalt impurity cementation method and reuse of zinc recovery.

The work is containing three steps leaching of hot-filtrate cake, optimization of affective parameters on process using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and removal of cobalt impurity. Using RSM necessary experiments was designed and finally optimum conditions were determined.

Using Design of Expert (DOE) software parameters such as temperature, zinc powder amount, contact time and additive concentration of antimony trioxide were evaluated. Based on the obtained results, the most impressive are belonged to zinc powder amount, temperature, time and additive concentration, respectively. Optimum conditions for cobalt removal containing temperature of 84 C°, concentration of 12.74 g L-1 for zinc powder, contact time of 118 min and concentration of 22.28 mg L-1 were obtained. At these conditions, cobalt impurity amount is reached to the allowed limit for electrolysis process and can be recovery of zinc from obtained solution.

 Using cementation method about 75% of zinc in cake was recovery and cobalt impurity was removed and finally, obtained zinc solution was conducted to the zinc production route. Furthermore, addition of dissolving environmental problems from cake, recovery of zinc and cobalt from the point of economical was important.