نشریه زراعت دیم ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

In order to study of source limitations on traits related with wheat grain yield, an experiment was carried out in split plot design based on RCBD with four replications and 24 genotypes as the main plot factor and source limitation as subplot factor in Research Station of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) at 2016-2017. The measured traits were spike length, number of spikelets per spike, spike weight, number of grains per spike and 1000 grains weight. The difference between the compared genotypes was significant in terms of the measured traits. Spike weight had a significant positive correlation with the number of grains per spike. The principal component analysis in control conditions, showed that all traits were placed in one principal component, that number of grains per spike was evaluated as the most effective trait. While, principal component analysis in source limitation conditions indicated that the traits are placed in two principal components, the first principal component represents the number of grains per spike and the second component represents the 1000 grains weight. Generally, both control and source limitations, the number of grains per spike was evaluated as the most effective trait. On the other hand, among the source limitations studied, flag leaf removal had the highest decrease in grain yield related traits.

Due to the role of genetic diversity in breeding programs, identification and producing genetic diversity through crossing is one of the basic steps for breeders. Major lentil breeding programs in Iran are including the selection of lines among landraces with high yield and suitable agronomic characters as the lentils crossing challenges. So, setting up a crossing program for lentil will be effective in producing F1 and using them for introducing new varieties. The aim of this project was to produce genetic diversity and gather suitable characteristics such as high yield, cold tolerance, erect type and etc. in a single genotype. So, 8 genotypes that were morphologically and genetically distinct, were used as parents and artificially crossed. 49 out of 230 crosses were successful and 69 F1 seeds were collected. In order to verify the hybridity, 30 plants of the F1 generation were screened with 14 RAPD primers. Respectively 5 plants of 4, 5, 6 crosses and 4 plants of 1, 2, 3 crosses were true hybrids because of the carried minimum of one male parent specific band. This research showed the successful deployment of molecular markers role in lentil crossing program advancement.

In order to select a suitable planter for the direct planting of chickpeas in wheat rotation, eight planters belonging to different companies were compared in a completely randomized block design with five replications for one crop year. The planting operation was carried out in mid-November on land that was under wheat cultivation last year. In order to compare the efficiency of direct planters, traits such as soil displacement by furrower, maximum depth of furrower effect, uniformity of planting depth, uniformity of horizontal distance of seeds, quality of passage of crop residues through furrowers and soil shedding rate were studied. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS program and then the means were compared by LSD statistical method. The results showed that the treatment (type of planters) had a significant effect on the uniformity of horizontal seed distribution, tillage depth under seed, furrow displacement and yield with 95% confidence and on the characteristics of uniformity of planting depth and residual passage quality with 99% confidence. In terms of uniformity factor, the horizontal seed distribution coefficient is observed, PARS2211/13 with 92% and NT/GM225 with 90% were superior to other planters. In terms of planting depth uniformity, the best result was observed in SINA II planter with 93%. HOSAINI 15 and PARS2211/13 planters were superior to others in terms of the passage of plant debris through the furrowers. DIAMOND planter at 7.4 cm was the lowest amount of displacement among all planters. PARS2211/13 with 1009 kg/ha had the highest yield.

Identification of the most effective indicators as well as the effect of spatial and temporal differences on the yield of rainfed chickpeas in major cultivation areas of Kermanshah province were the main objectives of this research. A map of major rainfed chickpea cultivation areas in the province was drawn by crop statistics. Then, the farms of this crop were extracted using the digital map layer of chickpea fields on the received images of Modis sensor from 2000 to 2021. In the next step, 9 plant spectral indices for chickpeas over the four climatic regions of Kermanshah in the flowering growth stage were calculated during a period of 22 years. These 9 spectral indices, together with the variable of total precipitation as independent variables and yield data as a dependent variable entered into the stepwise regression model. The results showed that NDVI and precipitation indices are the most effective indices of yield variability during flowering stage of chickpea in Kermanshah. Furthermore, NDVI, PVI and SAVI indices in the cities of Islamabade Gharb, Dalahou and Songhar are the most effective indices during the studied period, respectively. The results of validation revealed that the statistical model of Kermanshah city was more accurate than other cities. The correlation coefficient of the statistical model for estimating chickpea yield in this city was 0.69 with a standard error of 84 kg/ha-1. In addition, the relative deviation values of the statistical model of this city were less than other models.

In order to survey the efficacy of several pre-and post-emergence herbicides on weed control in the autumn cultivation of chickpeas, a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the Sararoud region during 2021–2022. The main plots contain two tillage systems (conventional tillage and no-tillage). The subplots include 12 herbicide treatments (Trifluralin, Trifluralin + Bethanal progress, Isoxaflutole, Isoxaflutole + Bethanal progress, Oxyfluorfen, Oxyfluorfen + Bethanal progress, Imazethapyr, Imazethapyr + Bethanal progress, Fluorochloridone, Fluorochloridone + Bethanal progress, Metribuzin, Metribuzin + Bethanal progress, and two controls (weed-free and weed-infested)). The maximum decline in weed dry weight was observed in tillage + Fluorochloridone, tillage + Isoxaflutole, tillage Oxyfluorfen, and no-tillage + Fluorochloridone at about 51%, 48%, 46%, and 45%, respectively. The greatest decrease in weed density is for tillage + Fluorochloridone and tillage + Oxyfluorfen + bethanal progress, tillage + Metribuzin + bethanal progress, tillage + Fluorochloridone + bethanal and tillage + Imazethapyr were registered with 47, 47, 43 and 40% reduction respectively. Conventional tillage reduced the density and dry weight of weeds, but this reduction was statistically significant for the dry weight of weeds. The highest yield of chickpea seeds in tillage + weeding, weeding, tillage + Trifluralin + bethanal progress, conventional tillage + Oxyfluorfen and no-tillage + Trifluralin + bethanal progress treatments are 846, 664, 528, 502 and 498 kg per hectare, respectively. The most effective herbicides in controlling weeds were Fluorochloridone, Isoxaflutole and Oxyfluorfen, and the highest yield of peas was recorded for Oxyfluorfen.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth-promoting rhizobacteria and chemichal fertilizer; on yield and malting efficiency of different barley cultivars in rainfed conditions in 2018 and 2019. A faceorial experiment was conducted on a randomized complete blocks desibn (RCBD) with four replications in Ilam province.  Three cultivars: Behrokh, Grace, and Sararoud as first and eight levels of seed insemination with growth-promoting bacteria and Fertilizer (including control, i.e., seed without bacterial insemination and without fertilizer, complete fertilizer Pseudomonas bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, Pseudomonas bacteria + half fertilizer Urea, Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer and combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer) were second factor. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that all the studied traits (except malting efficiency) significantly affected by main effects and interaction of year×cultivar×fertilizer treatment. But malting efficiency influenced by interaction of cultivar×fertilizer treatments. Number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per area unit and grain yield in combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer, had the highest mean in garis cultivar in the two years. Additionally, maximum malting efficiency (95.5 %) was observed in the combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer in Behrokh. The highest amount of grain protein in the first year was observed in bacterial combination + half fertilizer in Saravard cultivar (14.6%) and in the second year was observed in the Pseudomonas + half fertilizer in Saravard cultivar (14.3%).

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of climate change on growth, development and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Gonbad city in order to adapt and improve yield for future conditions. In this study scenarios of increasing temperature by two, four and six°C, increasing Co2 concentration by two percent and reducing rainfall by two percent alone and combined with each other on December, January and February planting dates for rainy and irrigated conditions. Using SSM-iLegume-Chickpea simulation model were investigated. The results showed that increasing the temperature alone in future climatic conditions will significantly decrease chickpea growth, which leads to premature and non-contact with end-season drought stress and yield increase in dry conditions. However, under irrigated conditions, crop yields decrease due to reduced growth period under water limitation conditions. Increasing Co2 concentration alone due to its effective role in photosynthesis, reduced transpiration and increased water use efficiency increased grain yield in rainfed conditions by 23.9 percent and 12.3 percent under water conditions, but under combined effects scenarios under rainfed conditions, temperature It increases grain production doubly, but under aqueous conditions the temperature increases, counteracting the increase in production due to increased Co2 concentration. Comparison of planting dates also showed that December planting date had higher yield in both dry and irrigated conditions compared to January and February.