نشریه مدیریت آب در کشاورزی
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Knowing the amount of irrigation water in the agricultural sector can lead to better management of water resources and increase water productivity in farms and gardens. So far, few scientific studies have been conducted on the irrigation situation of date palms in Iran, especially in Fars province, which is one of the important areas of date production in this country. In this study, fruit yield, irrigation water, water productivity and the difference between irrigation water and gross water requirement in a number of date palm trees in Fars province were measured and studied. This study was conducted in three main areas of date production in Fars province (Jahrom, Qhir-Karzin and Kazerun). 30 orchards were selected and yield, irrigation water, water productivity were measured during 2019-2020. The three scenarios of water requirement, National Water Document, water requirement by Penman-Montieth method in the year of research and water requirement by Penman-Montieth method were considered based on long-term meteorological data for selected orchards. Irrigation water of date palms was compared with gross water requirement by t-test in different regions. The results showed that the average yield, irrigation water volume and water productivity of the studied date palms during one year were 8.9 t/ha, 15118 m3/ha and 0.60 kg/m3, respectively. The difference in irrigation water productivity in the study areas was not statistically significant, but the difference in yield and volume of irrigation water in the study areas was significant. In general, the volume of irrigation water for date palms in the study areas was less than the annual and long-term gross water requirement and more than water requirement based on the National Water Document. The average irrigation efficiency and adequacy in the studied orchards were 91% and 86%, respectively.

Water is one of the most important restrictive factors in the production of agricultural products worldwide. The aim of this research is to study the effects of different levels of irrigation and organic mulch on yield, water productivity, fresh weight, dry matter percentage, hardness, soluble solid content, titratable acid, and chlorophyll index of Granny Smith apple fruit at harvest. For this purpose, factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. Irrigation treatment were applied at supply levels of 100, 75 and 50 percents of tree water requirement (ETc) and organic mulch to thicknesses of zero, 4, 8 and 12 cm. The results showed that the highest average of fresh weights of fruit were allocated to 75 and 100 percent water supply levels and organic mulch treatment at thicknesses of 8, 4 and 12 cm had a significant positive difference in fresh weight of fruit compared to the control, respectively. The average yield of mulched trees was 11.52 percent more than control trees, the highest yield was obtained in treated trees with 8 cm of mulch. Fruit SSC and the firmness of fruit were improved at 50 percent irrigation. The interaction of 8 cm mulch treatment with 75 percent irrigation had the most amount of fruit acid. Both chlorophyll a, b and total decreased with increasing drought stress and improved with the application of mulch treatments .In addition, interaction of both experimental treatments, increased water productivity and benefit per drop unit area.

Volumetric water delivery is one of the main components of the groundwater balancing plan. In the volumetric water delivery condition, the increase in farmers' income and the optimum use of water should be considered at the same time. The aim of this study was to determine optimum cropping patterns in agriculture wells under volumetric water allocation constraints in the Qazvin plain. In this research, 9 agriculture farms were studied and linear programming was used in the optimization process. The average water productivity in the formal cropping pattern (FCP), optimum cropping pattern with monthly water allocation (OCPM), and optimum cropping pattern with yearly water allocation (OCPY) was estimated at 5283, 9080, and 10570 Rials per cubic meter, respectively. The average productivity in the OCPM and OCPY has increased by 72% and 100%, respectively, compared to the FCP. Also, the average net benefits in the FCP, OCPM, and OCPY were estimated at 52978, 48275, and 88844 thousand Rials per hectare, respectively. The average net benefit in the OCPM has declined by 8.9%, and the average net benefit in the OCPY has increased by 67.7% compared to the FCP that mentioned in water licenses. The average water use in the FCP, OCPM, and OCPY was estimated at 10287, 5150, and 8501 cubic meters in ha, respectively. The average of water use in OCPM and OCPY has declined by 49.9% and 17.4% respectively. The results showed that the formal crop pattern that is mentioned in water licenses of agricultural wells requires a considerable revision and does not conform to volumetric water delivery (allocation) conditions.

Sensitivity analysis is one of the steps in preparing a crop model before calibration, which helps researchers to find more information about the effects of each parameter on the results to increase the accuracy of the model in the calibration stage. Because of the capabilities of AquaCrop, researchers use it to simulate crop growth in different irrigation managements. The present study was conducted to analyze the sensitivity of AquaCrop in simulation of potato biomass to changes in crop growth parameters includes normalized water productivity (WP*), maximum transpiration coefficient (KCTrx), initial canopy cover (CC0), canopy growth coefficient. (CGC) and canopy reduction coefficient (CDC) using Baven (1979) method. Data were collected from a research farm in the Chahartakhteh area of Shahrekord, Iran, during two years. These data included the effect of two factor includes: irrigation method (surface and subsurface drip irrigation) and different irrigation levels (FI: 100% water supply, RDI80: 80% water supply and RDI65: 65% water supply). The results showed that the model AquaCrop had the highest sensitivity to WP* and the lowest sensitivity to CCo and CDC. The trend of potato biomass changes was inverse for CDC and direct to other parameters. Increased water stress in WP* and KCTrx parameters decreased the sensitivity of AquaCrop model. Therefore, in order to calibrate the AquaCrop in the conditions of a large difference between the simulated and observed values, it is better to change WP*. Otherwise, it is suggested to change the other parameters.

Irrigation water scarcity is one of the major limiting factors in agricultural production. This study was conducted to investigate the interaction effect of soil textures and irrigation levels on yield, yield components, and water productivity of Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) in the experimental research greenhouse at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during 2018. In this study we used a factorial experiment based on the completely randomized design with 3 replications. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of irrigation (0.33 FC, 0.66 FC, and FC) and 3 soil textures (silty clay, clay loam, and sandy loam). The result showed that decrease of the water irrigation consumption by 34 and 67% resulted in reduction of leaf numbers by 12 and 13.2%, leaf length (8.2 and 8.5%), leaf width (11.1 and 25%), and shoot dry weights (7.4 and 16.8%). The results showed that the highest of plant height, shoot fresh weights, and yield of garden cress by 16.9 cm, 10 g, and 565.9 g.m-2 were observed in FC+silty clay treatments. The highest of water productivity was observed in 0.33 FC+ silty clay (by 1.15 Kg.m-3). Also, garden cress is sensitive plant under drought stress conditions and the best texture for this plant is silty clay texture.

in order to determine the economic evaluation of Grain Maize crop behavior in relation to Surge and alternate Deficit irrigation strategy, a research in Jaydar plain of Poldokhtar city during the year 2021-2022 was done. The statistical design of the research was Factorial design in a randomized complete block design Which has two factors at 5 and 3levels. Factor A (five furrow irrigation methods) including conventional irrigation (C), Surge irrigation with one-to-one flow wave cycle ratio until advance time is complete (S_1), Surge irrigation with two-to-one flow wave cycle ratio until advance time is complete (S_2) , fixed alternate irrigation (FF) and variable alternate irrigation (AF) as well as factor B (three irrigation regimes) including 100% water requirement (I_100), 80% water requirement (I_80) and 60% water requirement (I_60). The number of experimental treatments was 15 and the number of replications was 3 replications. The results showed that in irrigation methods, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water consumed is related to the s_1 surge irrigation method respectively with values of 20.24 and 9.87 thousand Rials per cubic meter. In different irrigation regimes, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water consumed respectively is related to the (I_80) with the amount of 19.46 thousand Rials per cubic meter and (I_100) with the amount of 8.29 thousand Rials per cubic meter was determined. Finally for different irrigation treatments, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water used was related to the treatment S_1 I_60 respectively is 22.53 and 10.7 thousand Rials per cubic meter.

In recent years, the quinoa plant has been used extensively due to its favorable cultivation conditions in harsh climates. The cultivation of this plant is important given that Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region. In the present study, the effects of different levels of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer were investigated on the yield and yield components of quinoa cultivar Giza-1. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design based on potted planting with three replications was conducted in the research greenhouse at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2019. Periodic water stress factor consisted of four levels (without stress (control), stress in the total growth period, stress during the flowering stage, and stress during grain filling stage) and nitrogen fertilizer factor comprised three levels (0, 50, and 100 kg ha−1). To apply stress in different growth periods, the plants were irrigated at 50% of soil field capacity. The results of mean comparisons indicated that height, the number of offshoots, spike length, spike width, stem diameter, grain yield (GY, 134.8 g), and water use efficiency (WUE, 0.27 kg/m3) were significantly affected by water stress at 1% level and the number of spikes at 5% level. The interaction of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced the number of spikes, stem diameter, and GY at the 1% level and WUE at the 5% level. Overall, the highest GY was observed without stress treatment under irrigation at 450 mm and using 50 kg ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer. The best yield-water-nitrogen production function is a linear function (Y = -0.835 + 0.034 I + 0.012 N) that can be fitted on quinoa cultivar Giza-1 based on the applied statistical indices and ranking of functions in the conditions of this study.

Farmers have traditionally used their sensory and perceptual systems to diagnose and monitor the health and needs of their crops. However, humans have five basic perceptual systems with varying degrees of accuracy that can vary from person to person and largely depend on stress, experience, health and age. To overcome this problem, in the last decade, with the advent of smart phone technology, new agricultural programs have been developed to achieve better, cost-effective, accurate and reliable detection systems. Conventional smartphones are equipped with several sensors that can be used to support normal and advanced agricultural activities in real time at a very low cost.Thus, the development of agricultural applications based on smartphones has increased exponentially in recent years. However, the great potential offered by smartphone applications has not yet been fully realized. Due to the fact that farm management and irrigation operations usually require a lot of time, therefore, human resources must perform tasks in a specific time. The use of smartphone software increases the quality of management and better use of inputs, as well as reducing time and manpower, and ultimately related costs. Therefore, the present article provides an overview and analysis of the features of several mobile applications for use in smart farming on the market or developed in various studies. This helps farmers to assess the type of available programs, their features and compare them. This article is also a good resource to help researchers and application developers understand the limitations of existing tools and gaps in new work.

Drought and salinity stress are the most important limiting factors for plant growth. Selenium has been introduced as one of the useful elements against the destructive effects of stress. To the investigation of influence salinity and drought stress on water productivity and some characteristics of Mentha piperita L in the presence of selenium, an experiment on the split in time was performed in the Torbat-e Jam region, Iran in 2020, including two levels of cut (cut1 and cut2), three levels of irrigation (including full irrigation (100% of water requirement) = I1, I2=75% I1 and I3= 50% I1), three levels of Salinity (0, 50 and 100 mmol NaCl) and selenium factor in 2 levels (0 and 5 mg/l Na2SeO4). The result showed that fresh and dry weight, plant height, the number of leaves per plant, and the number of nodes decrease under salinity and drought stress. Generally fresh and dry weight, plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of nodes, Essential Oil percentage, and water productivity in the first cut was more than in the second cut. Also, foliar spraying of selenium (5 mgr/lit Na2SeO4) increased the above characteristics and also increased plant resistance against salinity and drought stress. The result showed with increasing salinity and drought stress respectively water productivity increased and decreased. the result showed that the percentage of essential oil increased by applying mild stresses in the form of deficit irrigation and then by applying intense stress, the percentage of essential oil decreased. Also result showed that the use of saline water in the conditions of drought stress caused intensification of reduction in fresh and dry weight, number of nodes and percentage of essential oil.

In order to evaluate the effect of different irrigation regimes on quantitative and qualitative yield of grain and oil in peanut as affected by Ethanol Alcohol, this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan and three levels of Ethanol Alcohol such as 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental treatments, as main plot and sub plot, respectively. Drought stress caused to decrease grain yield, grain oil content, oil yield, protein yield and inoleic acid, palmitic acid and arashidic fatty acids lin peanut oil. But, drought stress had positive effect on grain protein content, oleic acid and stearic fatty acids. The greatest grain yield (3275 kg/ha) was pbtained influenced by the interaction effect between irriation regim at 25 mm evaporation fron A pan and Ethanol application at thr rate of 20 % (v/v). Ethanol foliar application at thr rate of 20 % (v/v) showed the highest rate of oleic fatty acid (57.17 %) under irrigation regim at 100 mm evaporation fron A pan (sever drought stress). In this experiment, drought stress caused to decrease quantitative yield of grain (69.56 %) in peanut and enhancement of oleic acic synthesis under drought stress condition improved oil quality (13.93 %) in peant. Ethanol applicatiom led to improve the quantity and quality of grain and oil yield in peanut under bath irrigation and drought stress conditions. Hence, foliar application of ethanol could be recommendable in direction to enhance quantitative and qualitative yield of grain and oil in peant under similar climatic condition.

This research was conducted to study suitable agricultural lands in Nahavand region that have the ability to implement pressurized irrigation systems. Questionnaire was the main tool for collecting information required for this research. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.65, which indicates its acceptable reliability. The statistical population is the owner of favorable agricultural lands (wheat) in the villages of Hamadan province. By random sampling, Nahavand city was selected from nine cities of Hamadan province and thirty villages were selected. Among the wheat farmers in these villages, the farmers who used the pressurized irrigation system to irrigate their wheat fields, the sample size was 379 using the Cochran method. Selected farmers were also randomly selected. In this research, in the first stage, a library study was conducted by referring to the documents available in the relevant departments, published articles, and review of relevant scientific findings. In the second stage, a hypothesis test and a method for selecting an irrigation system were performed. It was presented under appropriate pressure taking into account physical, socio-economic, and environmental criteria. The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that from the perspective of the respondents, the cost of consumption inputs in creating and using the type of pressurized irrigation system and the economic situation of wheat farmers, climatic conditions (climate, land topography, soil , quantity and quality of water in the study area) and study of individual and professional characteristics (age, level of education, land ownership, amount of land under irrigated wheat cultivation, and annual income) in selecting a pressurized irrigation system at a probability level of 1% was meaningful and positive. In the second part of the study, it was found that the highest score was obtained by the solid set sprinkle irrigation system and the portable sprinkler irrigation system.

Investigations show that the developed technologies and inventions developed in different sectors of water (drinking, industry, and agriculture) are not used in the implementation position as they should be. Therefore, it is necessary to scrutinize the existing problems and provide remedial solutions for the introduction of new technologies in the water industry. For this purpose, 10 of the most important technologies, innovations, inventions, projects, and practical ideas for the country's water sector were identified from among the 70 selected technologies. Then, this questionnaire was completed by 15 people who are experts, experienced, knowledgeable and proficient in the subject in the spring and summer of 2022. Cronbach's alpha test was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaires and its value for different parts of the questionnaire (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) was between 0.85-1, which is approved. Then the internal and external analysis of each technology was done using the SWOT analytical tool and the best strategy for each technology was introduced. The classification of the top and most frequent factors in each of the four sections based on the results of the 10 discussed technologies indicated that the option of increasing efficiency and significant water saving (S1) from the strengths section, became the most important option with ranked first 7 times. The high cost of design, construction, or execution (W1) from the weak points with 7, Changing the approach of the country's macro policies and adopting new technology (O3), and water storage, the ability to develop and sustain the country's water and food security (O4) from the opportunity points with 3, and as well as the short-term impact of technology and future problems related to it (T1), administrative bureaucracy and the lack of acceleration of the process of patenting and technology use (T2), and low economic-technical efficiency and exit from the application cycle (T5) from the threat points with 3 times placing in the first place, were the most important choices of each section. Also, the pathology of the factors of success and failure of technologies showed that the strong point of localization of technology and inventions of the water industry and the production of reliable data (S5), the weak point of problems related to the lack of ease of use (W3), the opportunity point of developing technical knowledge and transferring science to other countries (O1), and the threat point of low economic-technical efficiency and exit from the application cycle (T5) were identified as the least important factors with 4, 4, 4 and 5 times placing in the fifth place, respectively.