فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

The intense competition in the entertainment industry force sports leagues to attract and retain their consumers by improving their brand position in their customer’s mind. Regarding the lack of reliable and standard scale for evaluating consumer brand associations for sport leagues in the literature, the aim of this study was develop a scale for measuring sports brand associations among Iranian Football League consumers. In the methodology of this study used a four-stage research design (review of research literature, Focus groups, expert review and online survey). The result of the first three steps was a structure of 18 constructs and 66 items that distributed form online survey. The research sample was selected from the focus groups of the sport management graduates (18 people) and at the survey stage from all the Iranian football fans (176 people). Then, all of the collected data were analyzed by PLS software version 3. The results of the modifying of the measurement model confirmed the scale of 18 constructs but 60 item. Finally, all of the statistical results of convergent validity, average of variance extracted, divergent validity, composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha of constructs and items are presented in the tables of paper.

Some adipokines are involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression of liver tissue in animal of steatosis. In this experimental study, 32 rats (weighing 200-250 gr) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups including healthy control, fatty liver, HIIT and fatty liver + HIIT group. Rats were infected with fatty liver by oral tetracycline at a dose of 140 mg/kg (soluble in 2 ml of water) for 7 days. HIIT protocol contained 5 intervals 2 min running session at 85–90% of VO2max followed by 1 min running at 30–40% of VO2max between each session, five sessions per week for 5 weeks. The Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression in the liver tissue samples was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests at the P <0.05. The results showed that the Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression of liver tissue was significantly higher in fatty liver group than the healthy control group (P=0.001). Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression in liver tissue was significantly lower in HIIT and fatty liver + HIIT group’s than the fatty liver group (P=0.001). It seems that the HIIT training program can help improve the levels of adipokines in fatty liver disease, so this training method is recommended for its benefits in fatty liver disease.

This study aimed to explain the factors affecting the development of peace through exercise using the fuzzy Delphi method. This descriptive-analytical research was applied in terms of it’s purpose. The statistical population of the present study included professional athletes, sports coaches, and managers, psychologists, and sociologists active in sports. The Snowball sampling method was used for the qualitative interviews. After four stages of the fuzzy Delphi method, 35 indicators were confirmed. The questionnaire obtained from the qualitative section was categorized by heuristic factor analysis and the variables were identified. The results of this study showed that the determinants of peace development in sports organizations empower women on employment (0.72) and social capital development (0.67). In addition, based on the results, organizational capacity has a significant effect on women's empowerment (0.54) and the development of social capital had the greatest impact on social acceptance and interactions in the sports environment (0.35, 0.31). Sport is generally recognized as a broad social area for development and peace, with issues such as empowering women and promoting gender equality, promoting social participation for people with disabilities, and promoting health education, such as tackling obesity and diabetes.

Training adaptations vary due to the training programs. Maintenance of the adaptations obtained through training is a great concern of researchers and experts in sports physiology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of detraining on skill and physical fitness of female teenage volleyball players, following a period of functional training. 23 female teenage volleyball players were selected from Zarghan city. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of control (n=10, age: 13± 0.66 years old, height: 160.10±0.06 cm, weight: 56.25±11.2 kg) and experimental (n=13, age: 13.53±0.66, height: 163.45±6.8 cm, weight: 59.32±10.07). First, the subjects did functional training, for four weeks, with an incremental intensity. After four weeks of training, they passed the two-week detraining period. The variables included repeated-effort test (RET), professional agility, Broad jump and proprioception, which were measured in the field, before and after training and after the detraining period. The results of the Mixed ANOVA showed a significant increase in RET, professional agility time, altitude jump and Proprioception, after one month of functional training (p <0.05). After a period of detraining, there was a decrease in all variables, which was not statistically insignificant (p ≥0.05). It seems that one month of functional training can improve and prevent the effect of detraining on skill and physical fitness of female teenage volleyball players.

E-sports are growing all over the world, and more and more people are getting involved as players or spectators. Therefore, the present study identifies and ranks the development perspectives e-sports businesses with a combined approach of BSC, fuzzy Delphi and MADM. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative section included 15 sport management experts. In quantitative section, customers who had been members of e-sports centers in Tehran for at least 1 year were considered as statistical population. Based on PASS statistical software and research objectives, the sample size was estimated between 320 and 385 people, and finally 330 questionnaires were analyzed. In the qualitative section, according to the fuzzy Delphi method and BSC, the following factors as financial perspective (development of revenue opportunities, strengthening customer value, improving productivity of services, appropriate pricing of e-sports services, participation of private investors, diverse payment systems); internal processes (Efforts to increase the lifespan of customers, identifying unprofitable sectors, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the center, expanding the quality and variety of services, creativity and innovation); customer (providing special services to loyal customers, having experienced trainers, having attractive and modern facilities, motivating customers, business environment security) and growth and learning (formulating future development plans of the center, organizing worn-out equipment, evaluating the qualifications of employees, using new methods of sports marketing, paying attention to competition and having competitive advantages) were identified. At the end and according to the research results, suggestions were made for managers of e-sports businesses that doing them can help improve their business situation.

The aim of this study was investigating the effect of active recovery time on HSP 72 changes in response to one session high intensity intermittent exercise in female swimmers.the research method was quasi-experimental. 20 female swimmers (age 20 to 26 years ) were selected as a sample and with crossover design  the two experimental group were determined {group1 (n = 10) and group 2 (n = 10)}. The subjectes swam 25 meters distance with a maximum speed.  in the experimental group 1 the recovery period was three times more than the  swimming duration   and in experimental group 2 the recovery period was four times more than to the  swimming duration. The exercise intensity in active recovery was 50 to 60 percent of maximum heart rate. The subjects swam distances of 25 meters until exhaustion. Before the start of the training session and after the recovery phase, the blood samples were collected. To analyze the data, the ANOVA  test with repeated measures was used. The results showed that there wasn't a significant difference between the two recovery periods effectiveness on HSP 72 (1 to 3 and 1 to 4).so the Swimmers can use both type of recovery periods.

The present research was conducted with the aim of developing a model of effective factors on elite developing in Iranian sports. The research method was qualitative according to the type of data used that systematic grounded theory was performed. Therefore, by conducting in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 12 key elite sports informants who were selected using purposive sampling, 141 basic concepts were extacted during the coding process and then 7 selection codes and 17  Axial codes was extracted. At the core coding stage, the link between these categories under the headings of causal conditions included: development, elite sports infrastructure and support for the growth and development of athletes; Background conditions included: innovation in knowledge acquisition, general knowledge and talent management; Interfering conditions include: political culture, competence and communication; Strategies included: research, financial system efficiency, empowerment and motivation. Then, in the selective coding stage, one of the components of the coding paradigm was described; the course of the story was drawn and the theory was formulated and presented. It is suggested that not only the quality of policies, but also their efficiency and effectiveness in covering organizational goals should be considered.

The inevitable aging of human life is an inherent and progressive process with an increase in inflammatory and cellular damage markers that over time and gradually increase inflammation and decrease the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tai chi exercise on inflammatory-apoptotic indices of Bax and TNF-α in the elderly. In the present study, 30 elderly women with an average age of 67 years, height 160 cm and weight 73 kg living in a nursing home in Tehran as a statistical population were randomly divided into two groups of 15 experimental and control. The subjects underwent medical examinations and if the physician diagnoses that the subjects' participation is unobstructed and also their written consent, the training protocol was performed for eight weeks. In the experimental group, tai chi exercises were performed three times a week, each session lasting 20 to 40 minutes at intensities of 40 to 50% of the reserve heart rate. The control group did not exercise during this time and did their daily chores.The results of statistical analysis showed that the serum TNF-α level after 8 weeks in the training group compared to the control showed a non-significant decrease (0.055) but these changes in the Bax rate in the training group compared to the control significantly decreased. Showed (P = 0.04). Tai Chi exercises as an aerobic-meditation exercise in the elderly have positive effects on reducing inflammatory serum indices and cellular damage TNF-α and Bax, which can play a beneficial role in the health of the elderly and the prevention of heart disease. They have vascular.

Football, as a popular international sport, has a large share in the development of each country's economy due to its large number of supporters and fans. Therefore, in order to develop any country in the world today, this field must be developed in the country and this research has been done with the aim of designing the economic development model of Iranian football. The present research was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of type of data used. The statistical population of the research included all sports management experts who have been experts in the field of sports, especially football . The research sampling method was holistic, which had reached theoretical saturation after 15 deep semi-structural interviews. According to the research findings, four main categories of economic development related to football policy (Managerial, macro environment, structural, club infrastructure), Affiliated with football clubs (players, fans, marketing, technology), dependent on the nature of football (game quality, game execution cases) and Items related to the global norm (management, infrastructure, revenue and expenditure and services) were identified in 4 categories, 14 core codes and 225 open codes. It can be deduced from the above findings that the factors related to the economic development of football from the roots of football and then football clubs in the main axis of development and with the support of domestic and external policy.

Growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a protein with anti-aging potential and may play a role in regulation of skeletal muscle mass. However, to date little is known about the effect of exercise training on it. Therefore, in this study, using 24 aged male Wistar rats, the effect of eight-week resistance and aerobic training on GDF11 levels in tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was investigated. The resistance training protocol included 10-15 reps of ladder climbing with a resistance (attached to their tail base) equal to 55-85% of their maximum carrying capacity, 3 sessions per week), and the aerobic training protocol included 30-45 minutes of swimming exercise with a weight equal to 3-6% of their body weight (attached to their tail), 4 sessions per week. One way analysis of variance was used to test the difference between group  (α < 0.05). The result showed that resistance and aerobic training increased TA muscle levels of GDF11 by 5.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Moreover, resistance and aerobic exercise led to an increase of 9.5% and 4% in TA muscle mass, respectively. However, the amount of changes was not statistically significant in either case (p>0.05). Based on the findings of the present study, especially those of resistance training, it seems that GDF11 is involved in exercise training-induced upregulation of skeletal muscle mass in aged rats.

The aim of this study was to determine the causal relationships of criteria for sustainable development of H3SE-based sports venues using the DEMATEL technique. This research was a descriptive survey and its statistical population included the managers of sports venues in Isfahan, from which 17 people were selected by snowball sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Questionnaire indices were selected from the criteria of H3SE sustainable excellence model. In this study, the DEMATEL technique implementation algorithm was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in the H3SE system, safety sports facilities are the most effective and after the criteria of health and ergonomics, safety, environment and social responsibility are in the next positions. It is also a measure of the security of those affected. In addition, safety, health and ergonomics criteria had the most interaction with other criteria studied and environmental and social responsibility criteria had the least interaction. Finally, in the H3SE system, sports, safety, and ergonomic sports venues were causal variables and security, environment, and social responsibility were disabled variables. According to the results of the research, it seems that safety, health and ergonomics have a critical and irreplaceable role in the sustainable development of sports facilities, so it is necessary to pay more attention to the managers of sports facilities than other criteria.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that gradually destroys memory and cognitive skills. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of endurance training along with hawthorn consumption on some oxidative stress indicators in the serum of Alzheimer's male rats. In this experimental research, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Healthy control, Alzheimer's control, Alzheimer's and endurance training, Alzheimer's and endurance training with hawthorn consumption, and Alzheimer's with hawthorn consumption were divided. Endurance training groups (swimming) trained for 12 weeks, 5 days a week and each session started for 15 minutes and up to two sessions of 60 minutes a day. The supplement receiving group received the mixture of hawthorn powder with the standard food of mice at a ratio of 6.25% of hawthorn powder. 24 hours after the last training intervention, the rats were unconscious and the serum levels of SOD, GPX, TAC and MAD were determined by Eliezer method. In order to estimate the desired indicators (superoxide dismutase enzyme, glutathione peroxidase enzyme, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde), blood sampling was done from the inferior vein of rats. The SPSS 22 software and one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test with a significant level of p≤0.05 were used to analyze the data. The results showed that endurance training, especially at the same time as hawthorn consumption, led to a significant increase in serum levels of glutathione peroxidase compared to other groups (P = 0.002). However, there was no significant change in the serum level of superoxide dismutase (P = 0.129), total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.156) and malondialdehyde (P = 0.498) in the control and experimental groups. Considering that the first line of defense against oxygen toxicity is superoxide dismutase, and to complete the process of eliminating hydrogen peroxide, the enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase must be helped. As a result, it can be said that in this study, superoxide dismutase, like glutathione peroxidase, was increased, but no significant difference was observed between the groups in the statistical results.Using hawthorn extract and performing endurance exercises during the week, at moderate intensity and in a regular and intermittent manner, can lead to a reduction in oxidative stress due to an increase in serum levels of total antioxidant capacity and first and second line defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione). peroxidase and decrease the serum level of malondialdehyde in Alzheimer's experimental model, based on the results of this study and reviewed previous studies, these models can be suggested as side treatment in Alzheimer's patients, especially in the early stages.

The purpose of this research was to identify the factors affecting the valuation of football players in Iran's premier league. In this qualitative research, which was conducted with an exploratory approach and based on the foundation's data theory strategy, data collection was in the form of in-depth interviews with 17 marketing managers of Premier League football clubs and agents active in football. Sampling was non-random and purposeful and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation. Data analysis was done by MAXQDA 18 software. The researcher extracted concepts through a three-step coding process. Then, through category classification and selective coding, he designed a model based on the Glaser framework. Qualitative findings showed that four dimensions of individual traits, performance, psychosocial aspects and contextual factors were identified, consisting of 112 categories with a total frequency of 643 primary conceptual codes (in repetition mode), among which height, visual beauty can be identified and physique, weight, talent, individual awards and team awards in the first dimension, performance quality, shooting power, jumping power, amount of effort and running, muscular endurance, technical diversity, physical strength, pass accuracy, dribbling power, shot accuracy and control. In the second dimension, Tope pointed out creativity, team-building ability, psychological and social adaptation, inner motivation and struggle in the third dimension, and finally, agent or program manager's bargaining, social position and legal restrictions in the fourth dimension. These categories affect the value of players. The general result of this research showed that despite the findings of previous studies that focused on limited aspects of factors affecting the valuation of football players, in this research a comprehensive analysis of multiple variables affecting the pricing of players has been done. Managers, footballers and other stakeholders are suggested to pay attention to the different aspects of this research.