پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 110 (اسفند 1401)

The book “Why Nations Fail: The Roots of Power, Wealth and Poverty" written by Daron Ajmoglu and James E. Robinson is one of the works of new institutionalism. By examining the history of nations, the authors have analyzed the reasons for the growth and decline of societies. This work, like other works of the authors, is based on the comparative study of the long-term development experience of different nations. In this article, while examining the formal structure and quality of the translation of the book, which was done by Mohsen Mirdamadi and Mohammad Hossein Naimipour, the content of the book has also been examined. The book has content and methodological weaknesses. The authors claim to have derived their theory with a historical approach and an inductive method, but in fact, by choosing oriented analytical and comparative methods and of course philosophical ones, they have presented an ideological reading of the history of countries and the quality of their development. The lack of statistical evidence and the contention of the analytical method and repeated emphasis on the author's opinion with repeated identifications have weakened the content of the book. Claiming to be inductive and rejecting this claim by using an analogical approach is one of the most important problems of this book. The book has a fluent translation, but it has many editing problems. The design of its cover and back cover unfairly evokes a black, defeated, and poor image of the people of Iran.

This study critically examines the article "Investigation of the Establishment and Decline of Āl-Shomleh Local Government (550-591 AH) In Seljuk Khuzestan" from both positive and negative perspectives. By adopting the title of "Atabak" or "Great Atabak", the dynasty of Shumleh established a local government in important and strategic areas of west and southwestern Iran (between the territories of the Seljuq sultans and the Abbasid caliphate). It is of special importance to know this less famous dynasty. The article under review, which was introduced as the first independent research work, was a kind of the beginning of a new trend in research in this field. The findings of this research show that one of the advantages of the article under review is the importance of the subject and the effort to process the matter differently, but one can also see some formal and methodological shortcomings such as incorrect references, inconsistencies in title and content, inattention to the background of the research, neglect of some main sources, inattention to the criticism and validation of traditions, use of definitive and absolute propositions, be weak in arguments and inferences, and have errors in identifying the members of the Shumleh family.

The research in Saadi's Arabic poetry is not at par with the Persian poems of this famous Iranian poet, either in terms of quality or quantity, this is more obvious in the correction and description of the text of these poems. The book of review of “Saadi's Arabic Poems Based on Applied Criticism” was published for the first time in 2015 by Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan publisher. Amir Muqaddam Mottaghi, the author of the book, has tried, in his research, to evaluate Saadi's Arabic poems based on a research theory called applied criticism. He introduces this criticism as one of the types of practical criticism based on the effect on the reader. His book was published in 2017. The author has collected the contents of the book in three chapters. First, the theoretical framework of the discussion, then Saadi's life and works, and at the end, the review of Saadi's Arabic poems has been compiled on the basis of practical criticism. In this article, an effort is made to describe, analyze and criticize the mentioned book in the four axes of research structure, Saadiology, documentation of information and in-text references, errors, and content deficiencies. The insufficient and disorganized research method, the author's incorrect research theory, and the author's disregard for the principle of reference in the research have distracted the author from compiling a scientific and academic book that will resemble Saadi's Arabic poetry for the audience.

Academic textbooks should be written in a way that meets the needs of the audience in various related scientific and research fields. To this end, critical evaluation of academic texts is a vital step in the consistency of any discipline and its curriculum. This need is especially felt in the recently established field of Folklore literature. The books that have been written so far about the basics of this newly established discipline are not more than a limited number, but these studies are expanding day by day, so it is vital to criticize these sources in order to improve the quality of the books. Undoubtedly, every written text has useful and significant aspects, and it probably has some issues that reminding and solving would result in the work`s edition. With this description, in order to achieve such a goal, the present article, with a descriptive-analytical method and a critical approach, reviewed one of the most important books in the field of Folk literature, namely "Folklore Culture". The most important results of this research are shortcomings such as not addressing the research background of the issues raised, generalization in some cases, purely descriptive approach, lack of organized connection between theory and other parts of the book, etc., as well as finding the advantages and innovative aspects of this book. This work, with minor modifications, can be valuable work for researchers in the field of Folk literature.

The book “Sufism and Politics in Prose Texts until the End of the Fourth Century AH”, written by Mahdi Heidari, is a collection of eight re-published articles under the banner of a Book. The chapters of the book are based on fragile, non-historical theories and on the transcendental concept of unity and plurality and its effect on the establishment of Sufi multifaceted relations with politics. The choice of a weak hypothesis along with a lack of method has made the author lose track of the historical background and context and has caused the time and place to be lost in the text. Heidari has also made it impossible for the average audience to read the book by quoting untranslated Arabic narrations. Some generalizations of error in the classification of Sofia are prominent errors that have seriously damaged the work. In this article, an attempt has been made to critique the quality of the book, especially in terms of content analysis

“Kelileh va Demneh”, translated by Abul Maali Nasrullah bin Muhammad Munshi, is one of the valuable and lasting works of Persian prose of the 6th century, which has been edited and published many times in Iran and abroad. Undoubtedly, the revised edition of Mojtaba Minavi in 1343 in Tehran is the best of them. Among the other corrections and explanations of this book, which researchers do not need to refer to when reading the text of “Kelileh va Demneh”, the correction and annotations are by Ayatollah Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli, who published the sixth edition of it in 2019 from Bostan publisher. Although Ayatollah Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli prepared this work from several manuscripts and with Arabic “Kelileh va Demneh”, and he also reminded me of the misreading, distortions, and other defects in the printed documents, the author has found errors and slips in the correction, research, and annotations of Ayatollah Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli of “Kelileh va Demneh”, which he criticizes and evaluates some of them by comparing the printings of Minawi and Gharib as well as some other manuscripts in this essay.

The subject of the present study is the criticism and pathology of the articles in the field of “Nafthat ol-Masdoor”-related research. Due to the lack of record of “Nafthat ol-Masdoor”-related research, the present article tries to achieve the purpose of compiling “Nafthat ol-Masdoor”-related research, describing the status of research and criticism and pathology of the articles. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method of quantitative-qualitative analysis with a critical approach and citing library and documentary sources is considered. The research results in the record section show 140 articles in this field. In the criticism and pathology section, being general considering the titles, weaknesses in the theoretical foundations and some structural parts of the article, description of examples instead of analysis, defects in resources, ignoring the new perspectives of critiques and theories, and types of background research shortcomings are discussing, which have some consequences including the repetition in subject, finding, and result, central education, confusion and scattering of the materials, and finally researcher's confusion and keeping articles away from innovation. The authors, while enumerating the structural errors of the articles that are closely related to each other, suggest some solutions such as turning to meta-critique, meta-study, meta-discourse, and the fields of scientometrics at the end of the research.

Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani is a contemporary, diligent, and tireless scholar and a man of letters who has proven his mastery, skillfulness, precision, and poetical artistry in various literary fields such as writing, translation, editing, and poetry. Editing priceless mystical works is one of his favorite fields. His bright resume in this field is no less than his research works. The edited version of Attar’s “Tadhkiratu ‘l-Awliya” in three sections of introduction, text, and annotations, is one of his works in this field. Shafiei Kadkani’s academic rigor, abundant mystical knowledge, writing the biography of undistinguished mystics, diligence in research, honesty and being true to the main text, criticizing the scribes for using incorrect words and interpolating, having useful information on methodology and morphology, artistic and poetic translations, and having a good grasp on bibliography are some of the features of this masterful editing. These features can be used to answer the following fundamental questions. What are the advantages and merits of Shafiei Kadkani’s annotations in “Tadhkiratu ‘l-Awliya” and why are their values no less than the main text? This article mentions the advantages of the aforementioned annotations in detail under ten titles. The author believes that solitary editing is fruitless even if it’s done through the best scientific methods and it would do no good other than introducing the literary work on a basic level. It is only when the text is embellished with an introduction and well-researched annotations, which is the result of pondering on every inch of meaning in the text, that it comes to life, dusts itself off the obscurity, and talks to the readers.

The article is a critique of the book "Dictionary of Sufism and Mysticism" by Dr. Mohammad Estelami, which has been prepared in two volumes. After expressing the good aspects of the book, some of the formal and content weaknesses of the book have been enumerated. Some of the most important weaknesses are: not mentioning the names of many earlier and later works in the research background of this work. It was necessary to provide a relatively comprehensive definition of the idiomatic meaning of the words; for example, in this dictionary, the word "water" or "dream" is considered a mystical term, although the author in the entry "water" in eight lines only says the same thing: water alone does not have a Sufi and mystical meaning. The choice of entries has an unfavorable preference for terms or concepts. Also, many mystical interpretations have been explained mainly based on the views of Rumi and Hafez Shirazi. In this critique, we have tried from three axes: the style and arrangement of the book; content and explanatory contents, and the type of sources and their learning should be seen in the present dictionary.

Ancient texts such as “Kelileh and Demneh” have a great place and importance among students due to their content and educational concepts. The linguistic structure (technical prose) and the stylistic feature of “Kelileh and Demneh” are such that most audiences have difficulty communicating with this work. The purpose of the present study is to review the book “Kelileh and Demneh” Sharh Hossein Haddad by Qadyani Publications. This book, which has been described and compiled based on the correction of Minavi and Hassanzadeh Amoli, in addition to its advantages and positive components, is not without its drawbacks. In this research, by using the method of content analysis and collecting information in the form of library documents, while criticizing and reviewing the book “Kelileh and Demneh” Sharh by Hossein Haddad, a comparison with other versions of Kelileh has been carried out, and the book has been reviewed from two perspectives: form and content. The results of the research showed that there are problems and content objections (in the field of vocabulary, Arabicization, allusions, etc.) in the above-mentioned description that should be considered in the new edition. The lack of attention of the commentator to the Arabic text of “Kelileh and Demneh”, contenting himself only with the old versions of the work, not referring to important sources in the field of Arabic and Persian dictionaries, dictionary of allusions, etc. caused such problems in the book.

Given the role culture plays in second/foreign language learning, paying attention to cultural content in language teaching textbooks is of great importance. In the current study, using qualitative content analysis, the way cultural issues are presented in the first three volumes of the two series of Let’s Learn Persian and Top Notch was evaluated based on 20 questions in Hatoss’ cultural model. The findings indicate that “Top Notch” series showed a better performance than “Let’s Learn Persian” series in reflecting cultural pluralism, cultural dynamicity, up-to-date cultural norms, explicit and direct teaching of cultural norms, and inviting L2 learners to ponder over cultural norms. Moreover, issues like pragmatic competence, non-linguistic inputs, semiotics, and deep and surface culture were similarly treated in the two series. Besides, abstract cultural issues were not dealt with in the two series and the prevalent teaching method was cognitive than experiential. And finally, given the introduction of different cultures, intercultural communications are mirrored more in “Top Notch” than “Let’s Learn Persian”.

The welfare and social security system in our time, due to the developments and global conditions, has faced various crises and challenges. For this reason, recognizing the crises and harms of the social security system and adopting policies to deal with those crises are among the important issues in social welfare research. Having a favorable level of social welfare for citizens is considered to be one of the characteristics of a developed society and the result of extensive developments in the development system of countries because this issue plays an important role in the state of benefiting from welfare services and economic security of the entire society. One of the most important scientific sources for understanding the state of social security systems is the reports prepared, compiled and published by the International Union of Social Security. Recently, in a book entitled "Ten Global Challenges of Social Security", this organization has explored and examined the challenges of the social security system on a macro level and proposed policies to deal with that challenge. In this article, in line with this report, the concepts, policies, indicators and criteria mentioned in this important book have been examined and the challenges facing the country's social security system have been presented and examined.

This paper is a critical study of two Persian translations of Oscar Wilde’s playscript “Salomé”, which brings under study the issue of textual manipulations in translating the mentioned playscript from a textological viewpoint. It is to be said that the selection of the two translations under study, one by Abdollah Kowsari and the other by Abolhasan Tahami, has been based on the feature of the popularity of either the translator or the publisher and the choice of the typological items included in this study has been made on the basis of comparing the texts of both Persian translations with the original English version of the playscript “Salomé” published in 1894. The central question in this study addresses the ways by which the source text of the playscript has been manipulated in the two Persian translations, a question whose answer has been sought in three overall patterns of 1) elimination of certain parts of the English text in translation 2) addition of certain parts to the translated text and 3) distorting the stylistic patterns of the text, by looking into a sample of problematic items detected in the texts of both translations. Examining the samples drawn out in this study is suggestive of translational manipulation in both translated texts, and supports the finding that the effort by the two translators at rendering this literary playscript has made the Persian versions of the work undergo a range of undue distortions in the textual level as compared with the English text; what has brought about the textual transmogrification of the work in translation.

Foucault's view of the Islamic Revolution, both during his lifetime and after, provoked different debates and reactions and various works were written about it. One of the most controversial works is “Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism” by Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson. On the one hand, this book can be considered a political reaction to Islamism, and on the other hand, it is an epistemological critique of what the authors call "cultural relativism". Behrooz Ghamari-Tabrizi in his book "Foucault in Iran" while presenting the truth of Foucault's views on the Iranian revolution, also gives an appropriate answer to Afary and Anderson. In other words, in this book, he seeks to answer the question: How did Foucault make sense of the Iranian revolution? The present article has examined this issue from a particular point of view both of these works are formed within a discourse practice and, therefore, are different sentences of a statement and we must get rid of both equally.

It has been several decades since the concern of Islamization and localization of humanities has occupied the mind and conscience of the country's cultural custodians. Among the humanities, mostly imported sciences such as psychology, which have Western origins, have been considered for localization and Islamization discussion. Based on a superficial conception, considering that the primary codes, such as the Civil Code, are adapted from jurisprudence, we are not facing the challenge of Islamization in legal science. This conception is incorrect for multiple reasons. In the field of law, we face challenges in the two domains of legislation and interpretation. In the area of legislation, one of the fundamental challenges is the existence of a vast volume of laws related to the time before the revolution in which legitimacy has not been audited, and the most important challenge is related to the interpretation system. The existence of some religious propositions and even the establishment of laws based on Islamic principles are not enough for forming Islamic legal science, and the importance lies in the viewpoint and method of interpreting and developing these propositions based on Islamic principles. In this research, we deal with the pathology and criticism of the current legal science, emphasizing civil law as one of the main branches of legal science, in the two fields of legislation and interpretation, based on the descriptive and analytical method from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence.

Aristotle “Nicomachean's” book on ethics is one of his most important books on ethics. By meditating on this book, one becomes the guardian of God, in which there are no traces of the many letters of God, one of the divine religions. Given that God and man's relationship with him are the ruling spirit of all the teachings of the divine religions, and in particular the religion of Islam, and that Muslim ethicists have followed Aristotle in their philosophical ethics and formulation, this absence of the one God has had some effects on philosophical ethics. This article deals with this issue with a descriptive-analytical-critical method and has listed some of the consequences and results of formulating philosophical ethics based on Aristotle's ethics as follows: changing the subject and purpose of ethics, not considering a place for slavery and relationship ethics between Man and God, the absence of the concept of the hereafter and eternal life in the science of ethics, different views on the concepts of goodness, happiness, and virtue in Islam, lack of explanation of the place of narration, revelation, and law in Islamic ethics and separation of ethics from revelatory sciences such as jurisprudence, personalization of Islamic ethics and lack of attention to its social dimensions.