فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی زنان
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 95 (پیاپی 96، تابستان 1401)

Health and its conceptualization among the blind and visually impaired is an important issue due to the complexity of health and disability as well as their unique experiences. This phenomenological study examines the concept of health in the context of the lived experience of blind and sighted women in Kashan. In this regard, using purposive sampling with theoretical saturation criteria, 25 blind and combo women were selected for in-depth interviews. Then, using clause analysis and extraction of appropriate codes, two main themes with the titles of multi-dimensional perception of health and strategies for expressing health in the face of unhealthy society have been obtained; So that the theme of multidisciplinary perception of health in blind and visually impaired women includes sub-themes of mentally healthy, social welfare, spiritualism ,and physical health. The content of health expression strategies in the face of unhealthy society also includes the sub-themes of body management and beauty, trying to show independence in individual and social affairs, self-affirmation, striving for efficiency, not expressing illness and pain in society and relationship management. (Halo, constructive interaction). Multidimensional perception of health expresses the concept of health in blind and partially sighted women, which is formed after accepting blindness or partially sighted and paying attention to other aspects of health. And health. Also, health expression strategies in the face of unhealthy society show the actions and efforts of these women to show their ability and health in society.

The theme of the present speech is the approach to population policies and childbearing on the based issue of reducing the fertility rate in Iranian. Demographic policies are defined as a set of systematic policy to manage population change. Based on the decrease in fertility rate and low population growth, a population problem is likely to occur with negative population growth and aging inflation in the coming years. Therefore, This survey was conducted with a qualitative approach in Ardabil city and the sample size of the research is 24 people. People's statements were collected using in-depth interview technique and compiled in a specific text format. The interpretation of the text was done using the open coding method by extracting 7 themes from 7 consecutive semantic units. Critical attitude, low recognition, lack of political legitimacy, timing of fertility, quantitative adequacy, sexual adequacy, infertility as a social issue were the themes extracted in this study. It was concluded that people's attitude towards population policies is cognitively low and critical due to the lack of practical action. Also, these policies are facing the challenge of lack of political legitimacy due to the prevailing conditions in the society. The attitude of people towards having children should be understood in the context of the institution of the family. In such a context, having children is still inevitable as in the past, but new structural patterns of people's adaptation to existing changes have been formed, based on which people can choose the time of having children.

The main goal of this research is to identify the basics and principles of parenting in the prenatal period. In this research, traditional qualitative content analysis (inductive) method was used. The statistical population includes all scientific books, research articles, researches, religious-Islamic sources, and authentic documents related to parenting before birth, and targeted sampling (criterion-based) was used. Data collection has been done using the content analysis worksheet and data analysis through three-stage open, central and selective coding. 6 theoretical bases including cultural-social bases; legal bases; Religious-Islamic foundations; psychological foundations; Biological bases and cognitive bases and 31 principles in the field of parenting before birth were extracted from the data. which can be considered as the foundation of the parenting model before birth, so that the observance of these principles will provide parents with the background of parenting before birth and will have positive personal and social consequences.

During the past few decades, the decline of fertility in Iran has been a widespread phenomenon, and Tehran had the lowest low fertility in 2019. Understanding the gap between women's actual and ideal fertility is important because it focuses on the reasons why women are unable to achieve their desired number of children. In addition, it has implications for policy and program interventions related to family planning. This article examines the gap between actual and ideal fertility among married women of 15-49 years old in Tehran and the factors that affect it. the sample consists of 398 married women aged 15-49.  The results showed that the average total fertility for women in this study was 1.58 children, which indicates a lower than the replacement fertility rate. The average ideal fertility for the studied women is 1.95 children. According to the fertility gap classification, 38.6% of women have underachieved fertility, 37.8% have achieved fertility and 23.3% have overachieved fertility. The results of bivariate tests showed that the variables of age, age at first marriage, activity status, education and type of occupation of women were significantly related to their actual and ideal fertility gap. There is a significant relationship between total religiosity and the two Belief and experimental dimensions of religiosity with the fertility gap. With the rise of total family values and modern values shifts the gap between women's actual fertility and their ideal fertility. The results of Multiple logistic regression showed that the age variable and modern values significantly predict the probability of individuals being in the underachieved group. With the increase of age decreases the probability of belonging to the overachieved group, and with the increase of traditional values and empirical empirical religiosity increases the possibility of belonging to the overachieved group. The coefficient of determination of the model indicates that the regression model explains 33% of the changes in the fertility gap variable.

The current research was conducted with the objective of qualitative analysis of the role of empowering women in controlling social harms with grounded theory method in order to provide an effective local model. The population studied in the current research is the women of Borujerd city, and 30 people were selected as a sample through purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation. The method of data collection, in-depth interview, and the method of data analysis was grounded theory. The results of the research showed that, as a result of "sustainable empowerment", women have adopted the "situation control" strategy, which is influenced by two groups of factors including contextual conditions (individual contextual variables, paternal family contextual variables , socio-economic base and physical disability) and intervening conditions (psychological characteristics of the individual, support of the family institution, interaction with the capable model, their structures and interactions, multi-dimensional, long-term, research-oriented policy making and justice-oriented in the field of women and the unity of responsible organizations) and the consequences of adopting the aforementioned strategy including controlling social harms at three macro levels (research and theorizing, design and law-making), middle level (education and culture) creation, implementation and operationalization, evaluation and modification) and micro level (self-other care and safety and self-empowerment and other-empowerment).

In recent years, low fertility has become an epidemic and widespread phenomenon in different regions of the country, and many of provinces and counties are experiencing fertility below the replacement level. However, despite fertility convergence, it seems that the rate and pattern of fertility are not the same among different socio-demographic subgroups. In this regards, this article investigates the differential fertility patterns and levels among different social and demographic subgroups using the birth history method and data from the Iran's Multiple Indicators Demographic and Health Survey (2015). The results showed that the total fertility rate in the period of 2013-2015 was 2.02 children per woman and also the phenomenon of childbearing postponing to older ages (25-34 years) is evident. Also, the results show noticeable and significant differences in fertility among different socio-demographic subgroups (residential, educational, occupational, economic quintiles, etc.). Poisson regression results showed that the variables of women's age, education and employment, cultural consumption, economic status, urban-rural residence and the level of development of the province of residence have significantly effects on women's fertility and have explained about 42 percent of fertility variance. Therefore, the new population policy should pay attention to differential fertility among different social subgroups and follow targeted policies in this regard.

Media and visual technologies are an integral part of people's lives today, which bring about different developments in different societies. This influence in the field of social-cultural values on the female audience in Iran can be considered due to the sensitivity of the field of women. The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of television and satellite on the modernist tendencies and social interactions of women by using the combined research method (quantitative and qualitative) and by using a researcher-made questionnaire and in-depth interviews. In the quantitative part of the research, 366 women aged 17 to 65 from Mahabad city were sampled as a random statistical population and the survey questionnaire data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The quantitative findings of the research do not show a significant relationship between the use of domestic television and women's modernist tendencies and social interactions; But the use of foreign satellite had a significant relationship with these values. The qualitative method section is based on interviews with media experts. The qualitative data analysis of this section showed that in addition to television and satellite, other major factors such as: the weakness of domestic television, changes in the country's social system, the influence of capitalist ideas, virtual social network and other social and economic factors, including the determinants Modernist tendencies and social interactions of women in Mahabad city are effective in value changes.