فصلنامه روش شناسی علوم انسانی
پیاپی 114 (بهار 1402)

Years of practice and innovative encounters with the field have led to finding a special research approach and a special methodology that has equipped Morteza Farhadi to remove the formal layers of phenomena and reach social reality. Because these approaches and methods have emerged from the heart of Iranian society, they probably have a higher ability to overcome the difficulties of epistemology or the truth-seekers in this field. Therefore, clarifying the order of the mentioned techniques in Farhadi's works, which constitutes the problem of the present research, can help researchers to better understand Iran's society. The main goal of the current study was to try to extract the fundamental elements of the research, especially the indigenous methodology in the works of Morteza Farhadi and present a clear picture of it. The method of this research was qualitative and focused on the works of Morteza Farhadi. Based on the findings of the research, Farhadi uses a special methodology, which is called "deep three-dimensional description" while using transcendental realism. In this method, Farhadi pays attention to both the depth of the components of a phenomenon, its historical dynamics, and the geographical extent of the studied phenomenon. Thus, his method is a combination of case studies, historical and generalizable methods that are well correlated and have internal coherence.

Many applied types of research have been carried out using statistical hypothesis tests and many researchers reject or accept the research hypothesis only by looking at the p-value. On the other hand, due to the relationship between the p-value and the sample size, in large samples, despite the small size of the work, the hypothesis is accepted with very high confidence, and the researcher relies solely on the p-value to support practical insignificance results. Thus, many research studies can be classified as research that has many tests of meaningful assumption but lacks practicality and scientific significance. In this paper, first, considering the issue of big data, the issue of data volume and data diversity in big data from a statistical perspective, then the p-value, effect size, and confidence interval as three decision criteria in hypothetical tests on different samples in the range (173-19361) The impact of big data on these three indicators has been examined and in particular. The results showed: A large sample is not an advantage to increasing reliability in hypothetical tests. It can make meaningful claims that are not of practical importance and in small samples fall into the category of random effects and sampling error. Also, the effect size is not affected by the sample size and converges with increasing constant sample size. Finally, the data showed that the confidence interval is visually better than other indicators.

Problem-oriented approach, known as one of the bases of policy sciences, caused the policy problem to become a significant object of study in these sciences. This concept, like other concepts in policy sciences, has been contested by different epistemological approaches. Discourse analysis, as one of these approaches, has presented a different perspective to the study of the policy issue by proposing the idea of Problem-oriented approach. The literature review of discourse analysis in public policy studies shows that the ruling discourse makes things problematic by introducing objects into the game of right and wrong. This view to the policy problem is not only different from the competing approaches of discourse analysis, but also has subtle differences with the similar approaches of discourse analysis. In the present research, firstly, the position of the problem in policy studies has been examined, and then, with an outline of the concepts of discourse analysis, the problematic nature of the policy has been explained from the point of view of the discourse approach. Finally, by adopting a critical approach, steps are presented to understand the problematic nature of the policy. The result of these steps is the understanding of what is considered as a problem, the presuppositions, the lineage of the problem and the non-problems that have been rejected, and the determination of the factors involved in taking the problem for granted.

This article tried to critically review the methodology of Islamic management articles and introduce and explain a new method in Islamic management research entitled "exploratory text analysis." For this purpose, after a comprehensive and analytical review of prevailing research methods in Islamic management research and identifying the gap in the methodology of this field, the new method of "exploratory text analysis" has been introduced in an eight-step process, initially. Next, its features and differences compared to other methods had explained. Then, a sample of work done with this method, titled "exploration of Imam Ali's leadership model from Malik Ashtar's treaty" and its stages were described. The results of this research showed that the introduced method has a suitable capacity to discover and extract the conceptual pattern hidden in Islamic texts. It provides the possibility to receive the main message and the intention of the author of the text independently and comprehensively and without prejudice.

Many concepts have been established in the social sciences. Many works have been written to explain these concepts. But the question is what is the rule and method by which social science concepts are constructed? In response to this question, the classics and contemporaries of sociology and social theory have discussed and pondered the form of three approaches: positive, anti-positive, and post-positive. This article wants to examine the rules and logic of shaping and constructing social science concepts in Max Weber's post-positive approach. The present article, by identifying the eight rules of the method of constructing ideal types, first argues that the ideal type is based on the concept of "rationality". The ideal type is based on the "doctrine of genesis" and is made up of a combination of unique historical matters and repetitive social matters. The ideal type is created with the help of the power of imagination, under the influence of value ideas, and the guidance of theoretical designs. In this process, the ideal type is obtained by refining and reconstructing the everyday concepts of social actors

The concept of metaphor has long been studied in various branches of knowledge. this means that metaphor is not only considered as a literary presentation, but in parallel with the growth of knowledge in various branches of liberal arts, metaphor and its place have increased. In this research, we have tried to take a historical look at the process of metaphor research based on new achievements of linguistic-neurocognitive and contemporary cognitive science by introducing metaphor as the basis of knowing the basic components of cognitive sciences and cognitive metaphor as the most important part of these sciences as a theoretical framework in the field of methodology. We call the understanding of political thought metaphorical to propose. Based on the data of the upcoming article, since in the framework of contemporary cognitive sciences one of basic foundations of our conceptual system is the metaphorical mechanism of understanding. Therefore, the main hypothesis of this research is that by considering the theory of conceptual metaphor as one of the main pillars of the theoretical framework of contemporary cognitive sciences, a new light on the understanding of a different kind of conceptualization and reasoning in the texts of political thought, with emphasis on the contemporary theories of metaphor and cognitive neuroscience, thrown and a basis will be provided in the methodology of understanding the texts of political thought.