فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 52 (زمستان 1401)

This research has been done with the aim of finding out the role of police diplomacy in international cooperation. Accurate and technical knowledge and statistics of the effective components and indicators in police diplomacy in order to cooperate with countries and the International Criminal Police Organization-Interpol is a very decisive issue in how I.R. police International cooperates with this international organization according to the existing laws and regulations in the matter. The fight against crimes and criminals is in line with the implementation of the statement of the second step of the revolution in the fourth and sixth recommendations in the fight against corruption and the development of foreign relations.Research

The present research is considered to be descriptive-survey in terms of practical and developmental purpose and in terms of data collection method, which was done with a mixed approach by looking at the statement of the second step of the revolution and the vision document of 1404 for the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In this regard, a researcher-made questionnaire containing 121 items was distributed among experts, and 60 questionnaires that could be analyzed and analyzed were collected. The collected information was analyzed after validation. The components of the role of police diplomacy in international partners in the two sectors of cross-border threats and opportunities and the functions of diplomacy were examined, confirmed and ranked in eleven indicators, and the functions of diplomacy were ranked higher, and this shows the importance of this issue in the development of police diplomacy. In transnational cooperation in bilateral and multilateral dimensions, it is necessary to pay attention.

To achieve their goals, terrorists need financial support and must somehow secure their financial resources. Since the beginning of the conflict in Syria in 2011, the Western and Arab countries supported the Syrian rebels, and the peak of this support was the recognition of the Syrian opposition coalition by 130 countries. With the emergence of ISIS, a new chapter began, and it was likely that the Western and Arab countries would not support them due to their terrorist activities, although the international coalition against ISIS was formed, but the evidence showed that some groups, governments, and countries supported this takfiri trend.

This article has been done in a descriptive-analytical way.

From the point of view of international documents, terrorism financing means providing all kinds of financial and technical resources, as well as any permanent and temporary facilities for terrorists, which are clear examples of governments supporting terrorism. Nevertheless, one of the criteria for explaining the criminal nature of terrorism from the perspective of international law is to identify the level of responsibility of states and individuals in financing.

The police as a crime detection institution is responsible for detecting crimes in the physical and normal environment. Although the topic and type of performance in virtual space is very complicated and more difficult than in real space. The main purpose of writing this article is to investigate the ineffectiveness of traditional police powers in detecting cybercrimes and the necessity of granting powers to detect such crimes. Among the sub-objectives are the characteristics of cybercrimes and the differences between cybercrimes and traditional ones.

According to the nature of the subject, the current research was conducted in terms of collecting information using the library-documentary method and through the study of domestic laws, international documents and authoritative sources, and the obtained information was analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner.

Research findings show that on the one hand; According to the characteristics of cybercrimes, the police needs to make changes in policies and plans, human resources, etc. On the other hand, in order to succeed in the field of cybercrime detection, it is necessary to consider wider powers for the police. Cybercrimes have special features that only predicting specialized detection agency (FATA Police) with traditional powers cannot be practical and effective in preventing and detecting cybercrimes. In addition, due to the transnational nature of cybercrimes and the need for cooperation at the regional and international levels, as well as bilaterally or multilaterally between countries, it requires that the police have extensive powers over traditional crimes in order to be able to achieve its mission in detecting cybercrimes. The necessities that justify the provision of broad powers for the detection agency are the difficulty of detecting cybercrimes, the problems of detection, prosecution and investigation of crimes, international cooperation. In this regard, the police should also be transformed at the level of policies, organizational planning and human resources.

The International Police Organization (INTERPOL) is one of the strategic organizations in the fight against major domestic and international crimes, which by issuing red notices and reporting crimes have a major role in dealing with impunity and international peace and security and suppressing international crimes from war crimes to global distribution of counterfeit medicine. Interpol has been able to prevent the issuance of red notices against the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and against Interpol's goals by establishing the Interpol Control Commission. At the same time, given the progress made in addressing requests by individuals, the Commission as a pseudo-judicial body of the organization still faces deficiencies in the standards of procedure.

this paper addresses applies the descriptive-analytical method and using library collection method by reffering to printed sources like existing books and journals and also cybernetic sources likd interpol’s decisions trys to answer the main question of the research.

The weaknesses of the Commission in the respect for human rights and the legality of the proceedings, the principle of promptness of proceedings, independence and impartiality and being informed of nature and cause of the charge against him as some of principle shortcomings of the organization. The organization, in order to achieve its goals and to prevent its abuse, needs to balance itself by re-examining its systems in order to guarantee the observance of human rights.

Since most types of violations in international liability law are caused by continuous violations, and addressing this issue in terms of the inherent characteristics of this type of violation has very important consequences in the field of international liability law. Considering the important mission of the International Law Commission in the formulation and development of customary norms, the present research is based on the valuable studies of the commission, looking for the concept of continuous violation and matching it with the opinions of other thinkers in this field.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, which was done by studying books, authoritative articles and reviewing some international documents.

Considering the continuity in violation of international obligations as reflected in the collection of articles of 2001, it can be known that, contrary to the opposite view, regardless of the time element regarding the existence of a continuous violation made a decision, in this division, a decision can only be made by considering the time factor in relation to the existence of a violation. The agency of time plays a role in this method in two ways. The first method is the time period that is considered outside of the time period of committing the violation; the continuation of the violation begins when this time period has passed and the second method is the time period that is considered with the time period of committing the act. Violation is one; the continuation of the violation begins with the commission of the violation.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate social preventive strategies effective in reducing and controlling sports betting and to provide a desirable action policy model to the policy makers in this field.

The current research was conducted with a practical purpose and descriptive-analytical method, referring to library sources and reviewing previous researches.

Sports betting has become a social issue in Iran. The adoption of purely reactive and repressive policies has not been successful in controlling and curbing the ever-increasing growth of this problem. The findings of the current research, which have been obtained from the review of foreign studies and adaptation of Islamic, psychological, sociological and criminological perspectives, indicate the effectiveness of social preventive strategies in reducing and controlling sports betting. These strategies include: introducing and deepening religious teachings and beliefs, family-oriented preventive strategies, school-oriented preventive strategies, raising the level of public knowledge and awareness, strengthening self-control skills and social bonds, and solving the livelihood and economic problems of society.

Sports betting due to the imposition of harmful personal, social, economic and cultural effects on the government and society, requires special attention and determination and coordination of various legal and judicial organizations and institutions, security institutions and inspection authorities, police force, ministry managers. Sports and Youth, Ministry of Communication and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance in order to control and contain this phenomenon as best as possible.

Success in Africa's policy of non-cooperation with the ICC has led to the African Union's withdrawal strategy document of its member states from the ICC. Some African states have resorted to issuing withdrawal notice in accordance with Article 127 of the statute. This approach has led to successful African states believe ignoring international criminal policy. 

A critical examination of the course, dimensions and consequences of this emerging event in the field of ICL is important and relies on a descriptive and analytical approach to the aims and subject of this article. Main question is what are the dimensions of the withdrawal from ICC statute and its consequences?

Research findings show that statute withdrawing has negative consequences for the ICC and the applicant state. Statute withdrawal would lead to inconsistency and imbalance in the domestic criminal policy of the applicant with its international criminal policy, but to no avail. Accordingly, the African states have not achieved the main objectives of their withdrawal strategy, although the Burundi state's notice after one year is expected to lead to its definitive withdrawal.

The environment is one of the silent victims of war. The effects, methods and tools used in armed conflict remain on the environment of conflict areas and even neighboring lands for many years. The criminalization of actions by individuals and state that lead to severe, widespread, and long-term environmental degradation has been considered in the international law literature since the 1990s.

The method of study of this article is analytical and descriptive using reliable sources, documents and international judicial procedures.

In this article, we have tried to study and evaluate the developments and the legal framework for identifying international crimes from an environmental perspective in some international procedures. The fundamental question is how international environmental crimes have been addressed and developed in some international events and practices. The basic premise of this article in response to this question is based on the environmental crime is not an independent crime but a material element of international crime in the international criminal law literature.