نشریه پژوهش های معماری اسلامی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 38، بهار 1402)

The process of figure structure and understanding message by the audience has a great value, as various visual elements such as point, line, level and volume can be affected on identifying this process. On one aspect, connection with human and its needs in architecture is determined, on the other hand, in some opinions and in relation to the architecture, set of available forces should be defined. Therefore, connection of this process has been linked with the principle of “geometry” and provides space integration as a creative composition. It is possible to obtain a productive structure based on set of rules, in lawful space of geometry in order to decompose complex shapes into a simple form. Where in Naqsh-e Jahan Square, which is one of masterpiece of Iranian architecture, these patterns are shown themselves in different history and periods. As far as, it has entered to the logical comparative phase, based on initial consequential analysis in the form of formation of the square with using logbooks and historical books and then with using geometric analysis of the square and turning this logic into a descriptive form which was in line with theories of Duran, Krier and Herdeg and based on principles such as integration, overlap, angular and rotational, in order to prepare a comprehensive principles for combining shapes toward a gradual evolution. Herdeg brings this overlap into the social classes from individuals to the clergy, which is a link between form and outlook of different stratums. In this research, it has been tried to it winded up the effects of social and political principles on formation of the square with using classes such as individual, society and government and also with using visual tools that have been analyzed in this square in different times, and then by recognizing geometric principles between them and sharing with graphic geometry of each classes based on the combination of the complex and by answering to hypothesis such as: it is thought that evolution of Naqsh-e Jahan Square in various times has been due to overlap of geometry of the square with graphic geometry of each classes from individuals to the government, and, in order to prove a principle such as geometry as a basic principle in forming the square in various times, because of assimilation of geometric quality of the space and connection of the classes.

The main factor shaping or changing cities and urban spaces should be sought in the principles and values of society's beliefs. Relying on these principles, traditional man has been trying to align these concepts with different aspects of his life. For a long time, the house has been a manifestation of spiritual and cultural values for human beings, which has enabled Possibility of appearance of these principles for the traditional architect. In the meantime, the exterior of the house, which more than any other part structures the urban facade, gives objectivity to the values and traditions that govern society. This study has been done with the aim of pathology of facade status in contemporary Iranian architecture with the perspective to the discussion of luxury. Therefore, it identifies the juridical and moral principles governing the facade of residential buildings and explains them according to the principles of Islamic law. For this purpose, the researcher Answers this question by relying on the combined method and interdisciplinary analysis. What are the juridical and moral principles in facade design? How is the manifestation of the concepts of the teachings of the Qur'an and religious texts reflected in the architecture of the facade? The main principles and roots of this subject and related topics can be found in the Qur'an, narrations and hadiths. The research method which is used in this article is a compound method. In this way, according to the features of the various stages of this research, for gathering data, archival research method is used meanwhile logical-argumentative research and qualitative content analysis in analysis step and judgment of data has been used. After terminology and expression of concepts related to research and extraction of principles related to the two sections of juridical and moral, how it is reflected in the facade of residential buildings was expressed.
Finally, in order to pathologize the current situation and express the contradictions in the appearance of residential buildings in comparison with the Islamic teachings (especially Shiite jurisprudence), the obtained principles were examined based on the four human relations. The results of this study indicate that contemporary residential facades are disruptive in all four types of relationships and therefore the highest reproducibility regarding the type of weakened relationship is related to the human relationship with society. Finally, it is concluded that the outcome of various injuries, in addition to the negative impact on urban views threatens all aspects of human life.

Statement of Problem: 

The mosque, as a place of behavior, establishes a deep connection with its audience. This connection has been an inseparable part of the mosquechr('39')s function for many centuries from the emergence of mosques until today.
Numerous factors play a role in the audiencechr('39')s behavioral and perceptual experiences in man-made spaces, including mosques. Among these factors, changes in shape, variety of types and physical structure in mosques are involved in the audiencechr('39')s behavioral and spatial experiences. In the last decade, we can see an increase in the formation of neighborhood mosques in Qazvin, but unfortunately most of these mosques lack the vitality, dynamism and the desired presence of the audience and have only become prayer spaces, which makes it impossible to create a connection between space and audience.

Aim of the research: 

The purpose of this study is to explore the type of typology and body of mosques on the perception of the audience so that the spatial experiences of the audience are affected by the type of Carcio geometry, proportions, peer and class accesses and spatial hierarchy. On the other; The diversity and adaptability of activities and perceptual mediators affected by the body of mosques on the presence of the audience in the mosque have been studied.

In the research, first; Data collection, by recording events and fieldwork techniques, has been studied in three mosques with a traditional structure of the central courtyard and three mosques with a class structure in the city of Qazvin. Space with depthmap10 software has been used by using spatial layout indicators and since to evaluate the weight of components affecting how to perceive and behave qualitatively, the above method can not be used alone through the survey method and questionnaire design and data analysis by Amous22 statistical software Correlation analysis is performed and significant relationships are inferred between the involved variables.
The research findings indicate that the types and physical components of architecture such as; Distribution and interconnection, depth, spatial connection, arrangement and relationship of internal accesses to diversity, activity adaptability and also the type of audience perception according to perceptual mediators (needs and preferences of the audience) with the duration of the stop and the presence of mosque audience, create a strong and direct relationship.

In order to social justice and preparing the way for appearance or advent of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and the establishment of a new civilization in the Islamic world around the world based on the Qur'an, Iran's urban society for its growth and development needs citizens with sustainable development, based on the Qur'an. To advance the above goal and train citizens of the Qur'an and Atrat, a theoretical study entitled: "Explaining the human values ​​of the Qur'an in the architecture of contemporary apartment housing in Tehran" was formed. Changes in identity patterns in housing architecture in the face of modern architecture in the twentieth century led to the introduction of new types of housing in the world and in Iran called apartment housing. Because the Quranic human values, especially in contemporary residential apartments (1340AH onwards) have decreased or disappeared. Therefore, from the apartment housing, especially in Tehran, only a shell remains for shelter. Therefore, a research was conducted with the quality of the question and the purpose of this research. Research Question: What human values ​​are extracted from the Qur'an in line with the architecture of contemporary apartment housing? And Objective of the research: Explaining human values ​​from the Qur'an in line with contemporary housing architecture. Research method This research was conducted using the Quran and valuable Islamic sources and texts and references library review and qualitative content analysis and field interviews with field and university experts in Tehran. In order to achieve the answer to the question and the purpose of the research, a wide range of valuable books such as the Qur'an and commentaries and Nahj al-Balaghah, etc. and architecture books as sources and texts were studied and considered with the help of experts in the field and the university.Then the integration of codes (human values more than 1000 codes) resulting from reviewing texts and sources and interviews with experts was done. The achievement of this research: 1- Explaining and determining the human values ​​derived from the Quran in direction the contemporary apartment housing architecture in Tehran with a five-point score by experts in the Likert table, respectively: security and comfort (4.9), confidentiality (4.8), Slavery (4.7), human dignity and generosity (4.7), privacy (4.6), safety, strength, stability (4.6). Humility (4.5), biological and permanent factors (4.5), solitude (4.5), creativity (4.4), remembrance of the names of God (4.2), activism (4.1), proportions (4.1), contentment (4), self-esteem (4), order (4), functional decorations (3.9), social relations (3.9), nature (3.8), house size (3.7). 2- The effect of thirty-three indicators of Quranic human values on the traditional housing architecture was %85 and the contemporary apartment housing architecture %15. 3- The use of privacy as one of the Quranic human values ​​resulting from this research in traditional housing architecture were recorded twelve cases and in apartment architecture twelve results. These Qur'anic human values ​​do not exist at present in the architecture of contemporary apartment housing. In an analysis, the findings of this research were compared with those of previous research, and the Tehran’s case study (i.e., comparing contemporary apartment housing and Qajar era housing) was proposed as an example of the effectiveness of the achievements. The authors of this study suggest to future researchers and enthusiasts to do this research with the approach of other heavenly holy books such as Torah, Bible, etc. in other countries and compare the result with the achievement of this research. Man is generous because of his/her wisdom. Divine intellect is transcendent. The distinguishing chapter of man is the divine intellect. A creature is not above wisdom or reason. Human-Quranic values ​​in contemporary apartment housing architecture should be used in the architecture of Tehran apartment housing so that human beings can practice and be educated in human generosity, grows and be able to be promoted to the divine origin, which is the divine caliph.

The quality improvement of the environment to ensure the citizens’ satisfaction with urban planning processes is one of the fundamental development principles. The environment results from activities, concepts and physical characteristics, and the user perception provides an analytical approach to spatial judgment. The importance of responding to the different perceptual levels of the individual by different environmental factors indicates the necessity of investigating the environment quality from the perspective of perceptual experience. Therefore, the crisis of the expansion of environments without experiential usefulness resulting from functionalist approaches causes inefficiencies in meeting needs, which endangers urban life along with damaging behavioral mechanisms. This study aimed to explain the effectiveness of environmental quality on the experiential perception of the residents of two garden cities in Alborz province with the assumption of the existence of a relationship between the environment quality in public spaces and the audience perception to answer the nature of this relationship. The village has controlled traffic, limited services, and enclosed bodies separated from the urban context, but Mehrshahr is equipped with neighborhood services without peripheral restrictions and traffic control, whose space syntax was preserved during joint construction. Two garden cities were compared based on the effects of different contextual features on the users' experience regarding the satisfaction level concerning the aesthetic and physical-spatial components. This descriptive-analytical and mixed study was conducted by the random distribution of questionnaires among the residents, and variables were analyzed with SPSS and hypothesis testing using t-statistics. The results revealed that the perimeter fence and checkered structure of the village ensured the enclosure by creating communities through plant demarcation, and the lack of neighborhood walls and inclusiveness of the passages increased the continuity with the benefit of the corridors of view to the open spaces. The variety of formic houses in Mehrshahr, along with curvilinear design by changing the viewing angle, improved the spatial contrast and the coordination of the volume, façade, use of buildings, visual proportions, and the pedestrian axis satisfied the scale criteria. Personal gardens, natural landscapes, and visual-motor diversity in both collections have created equal aesthetic quality standards. Finally, the main success factors of the perceptual experience were inviting people tired of the boredom of hectic urban life, continuous greenness on the outer wall, enhancing the visual beauty of the neighboring urban texture landscape in the village, and emphasizing the order and geometric schema in Mehrshahr.

According to the prevailing view in architectural and urban studies, the bazaar is described as the backbone of the spatial and social structure of Iranian cities. However, various studies on public spaces, especially commercial centers in Iran, show that despite the small growth of these buildings; They have serious weaknesses in the field of quality. In a way that has caused the degradation of qualitative components and the failure of many spaces designed in the contemporary era has been seen. Recognizing this issue and the lack of behavioral-spatial studies in markets and commercial centers in this article, we have tried to study the relationship between environmental quality in various dimensions, including space with current activities in traditional markets and new commercial centers. Because there seems to be a significant relationship between the type of current activities and the success of the behavioral camp. The research method is mixed and based on observing the range of current activities, spatial configuration analysis and questioning of space users. The study area includes the traditional market of Boroujerd and Diplomat Shopping Center have been selected as two architectural models. For this purpose, 2 behavioral camps in the traditional market and 1 camp in the Diplomat Center were studied. Space Syntax analysis variables included "Integration ", "depth" and "connection". According to Jan Gehl's theory, current activities are divided into three groups: "mandatory", "optional" and "social", and the quality of the environment is divided into four categories: "objective-structural", "objective-functional", and "objective-environmental", "Mental-spatial", "mental-semantic" is divided. The hypotheses were tested using correlation analysis method in SPSS.23 software. It was concluded that the studied behavioral camps, due to their high physical quality, allow the occurrence of selective activities that are more dependent on the physical and physical conditions of the environment than other activities. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between voluntary and interconnected activities in the studied behavioral camps.

Historical houses are of special importance in terms of architectural principles and geometric features. This study examines the characteristics of the geometric principles adopted in the houses of the Safavid and Qajar periods. The main goal is to know the geometric characteristics of the courtyard and facade in historical houses and to investigate their influence on each other. Extensive research has been done in this area, but no study has been done to examine the length of the yard to the height of the facade and the ratio of the length to the width of the yard. The statistical population of this study includes historical houses in the central courtyard of Isfahan city, from which 15 houses have been selected and investigated by purposeful sampling. The methodological approach of the research is based on field studies and geometric-arithmetic analysis. The tools used are drawing and AutoCAD drawing software. If the axis of the courtyard is north-south in the studied houses, the facades in the rectangular houses with two, three, and four fronts are placed in such a way that the north facade is higher than the other three facades, and if the axis of the yard is east-west, this phenomenon does not exist. Views and their orientation in the yard are one of the most influential components in obtaining the appropriateness of the yard to the Facades

Traditional architecture is a term that has been used after the modernization period in Iran and has been discussed in the speeches of many architects, books and articles, and has been criticized in architecture schools. After the Islamic Revolution and the closure of foreign construction companies in Iran, many famous architectural companies were closed or semi-active. With the outbreak of war and economic sanctions, construction activities declined, and during the eight years of the war, most construction activities were carried out on a small scale, and government projects were often aimed at completing pre-revolutionary construction projects. Some of these few constructions have led to the production of traditional-style buildings that are important to identify and describe because they are intertwined with the culture, history, and transcendent quality of past architecture, and the degenerate identity of today's architectural buildings can be found. This is unknown research that, what styles and how many buildings are there, based on the ideology of these styles in order to continue the rich and traditional Iranian architecture, during the eight-year war. Achieve them is the main purpose of research. In this research, which is interpretive-historical method and analytical-comparative measures, architectural styles are introduced in this historical period to extract styles that have the characteristics of traditional Iranian architecture. Data collection is in the form of documentary studies that will identify buildings with traditional bodies. The results of the research show that during the Eight-Year War, buildings of three styles of "traditionalist architecture", "late modern architecture" and "postmodern architecture" were built in the country. In the meantime, modern architecture lacks traditional features in the body of buildings, but the two styles of traditionalism and postmodernism, that were designed and executed eleven prominent buildings based on their architectural theories, will have traditional Iranian architectural components. Finally, the physical characteristics of each will be analyzed.