نشریه تولیدات گیاهی
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual plant of the Apiaceae family. The used part of this plant is its seeds and leaves. In addition to oral consumption, coriander is a blood sugar lowering, blood lipid lowering, blood pressure lowering, hypnotic, sedative and anti-anxiety. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, sedative and antimicrobial activities. The basic requirement for plant breeding programs is a germplasm diversity that provides necessary facilities for breeding species with desirable features. Therefore, accurate identification of genotypes is considered as a prerequisite in this manner. The phenotypical characteristics are the first markers that have been used for diversity researches.

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of some coriander Populations in Iran based on morphological and physiological traits, 26 ecotypes were collected from different regions of the country and the experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in field conditions Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 1398. Some morphological and phytochemical characteristics such as Stem diameter, Leaflet Number, Leaf Number, Stem, root and internode length, Total plant height, flower and Leaf fresh and dry weight,Total plant and Root dry weight, Anthocyanin, Total Phenol and essential oil components were studied. The measurements began after the 50% of flowering stage.

The analysis of variance of the data showed a significant difference between the studied traits, which indicates the existence of genetic diversity between coriander populations. there are significant differences between the populations in traits of plant height, stem and root length, nodes, internodes, leaves and leaflets numbers, stem diameter, plant dry weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf fresh weight, flower fresh weight and total phenol. Comparison of mean traits in total showed that Siahkal and Kashmar populations were superior to other populations in stem diameter (1.74, 1.63 mm), leaf fresh weight (0.57, 0.50 g), number of leaves (11.66, 15.70) and anthocyanin content (0.27, 0.37 mg/g FW). Based on Cluster analysis, divided the studied populations into three major groups. Main purpose of this study was determination of genetic diversity among Coriander accessions from Iran. Significant differences were found among the accessions in almost every parameter measured.

The range of vegetative and flower values obtained in this study was more than those of reported in previous researches about Coriander. With increasing leaf number and leaf fresh weight that is the main place to trap sunlight for photosynthesis and consequently provides the condition to produce secondary metabolites. Thus, Kashmar accessions with having high values of leaf can be considered for in view point of cultivation and breeding programs.

Iranian Kakoti (Ziziphora persica Bunge) which belongs to the mint genus is widely distributed in Iran. In some parts of Iran, it is used as a spice and condiment in food. Iranian Kakoti is also a medicinal plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Iranian Kakoti is used in traditional medicine as a stomach disinfectant and cold remedy.  Since the effect of stresses on the increase of secondary metabolites of plants has been proven, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drought stress on the secondary metabolites of Iranian Kakoti in comparison with normal conditions by assessment of the expression of genes which are related to the most important secondary metabolites of the studied plant. In previous studies, it was found that pulegone has the largest share among the metabolites produced in this plant.

Using the KEGG database, the metabolic pathway and genes involved in the production of the pulegone include the four key genes Isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, Limonene synthase, limonene hydroxylase and Isopiperitenone reductase were identified. Due to the lack of genomic information of Iranian Kakoti, the sequence of the four studied genes was predicted by the sequences of these genes in families close to this plant. The predicted sequences were used for primer design. The plants were cultivated under drought stress and normal conditions. The stress condition was achieved by reaching 30% Field Capacity. After observing phenotypic changes due to stress, the amount of proline and also Leaf relative water content (RWC) measured for the plants in both control and stress condition to confirm the accruing of the stress. Then leaf samples were collected. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The quantity and quality of the obtained RNA were evaluated by Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis. The qualified RNA samples were used for cDNA synthesis according to the manufacturer's protocols. Then the comparing the genes expression under drought stress with the control sample was performed.

In response to drought stress, leaf RWC was decreased to 31% in the plants under stress condition and proline levels increased by 1.9-fold compared to control value. Analysis of real-time PCR data showed that. The expressions of limonene synthase, limonene hydroxylase, Isopiperitenon dehydrogenase, Isopiperitenon reductase were increased 115, 400, 50 and 120 folds compared to control respectively. 

The measurement of leaf RWC and proline were found to be beneficial methods to detection of incidence of drought stress in plant.  The expression of genes involved in pulegone synthesis compared to the control plants changes with drought stress. The implement of drought stress is a useful method to increase essential oil in Iranian Kakoti.

The function of a growth substrate is to provide an ideal medium for plantlet emergence which allows for the optimal development of plants during the time they stay in the container. A high-water storage capacity is necessary due to the limited volume available in growth substrate. There is a large variety of materials available for substrate elaboration, and their selection depends on the plant species to be propagated, season, propagation system, price, substrate availability and proper features. Compost seems to be an excellent alternative to peat. Also, the fresh material presents a high carbon: nitrogen ratio (C: N) and it may contain substances that are toxic to the plants, such as phenols, resins and tannins. Choosing the suitable planting bed for ornamental plants is one of the problems for most greenhouse managers. In this regard, in order to investigate the possibility of using liquorice residue compost as a by-product of the medicinal plant industry, in growth medium, the effect of peat moss, coir and liquorice root residue compost on the growth of African violet tested in an experiment.  
 
The experiment was done with 7 treatments and 5 replications in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included: 60% (volumetric) peat moss, 60% coir, 60% liquorice root residue compost, 30% peat moss + 30% coir, 30% peat moss + 30% liquorice root residue compost, 30% coir + 30% liquorice root residue compost. Each treatment was mixed with 40% perlite. According to the results of a pre-test on the low water retention capacity of liquorice compost, a treatment was also performed using liquorice compost with superabsorbent polymer (Aquasorb made by SNF) at a rate of 5g/kg mixed medium.
 
Experiment results in African violet showed that in shoot fresh weight, leaf number, root fresh weight, leaf area and relative leaf water content of 30% peat + 30% coir treatment and shoot dry weight, flower number and chlorophyll a were the best in 30% peat moss + 30% liquorice root residue compost treatment. The highest amount of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were observed in 60% liquorice root residue compost + superabsorbent polymer, the highest carotenoid content in 60% peat treatment, and the highest root dry weight and proline content in 60% liquorice root residue compost treatment. In general, according to the obtained results, by using licorice root residue compost with peat, it is possible to achieve favorable growth results, and it is recommended to use it up to 50% of the required organic matter in the bed of African violets. Based on the results of this study, licorice root resigue compost with peat moss can achieve favorable growth results and it can be used up to 50% of the required organic matter in African violet bed. The effects of licorice compost on morphological and physiological parameters of plants may be due to its effects on increased water content and soil aeration. Because there is a strong relationship between RWC and plant biomass. That also suggests that plants having greater biomass can maintain higher water content in their leaves.
 
Presence of nutrient elements increased the overall fertility, and functionality of the tested media, leading to maintain better plant growth. RWC is a measure of plant water status, which reflects metabolic activity in plant tissues and is one of the most important indicators to identify differences in substrate conditions.

Blackberry is a plant of the genus Rubus and family Rosaceae, which due to its nutritional properties has role in human health. One way to increase nutritional properties is to use bio-organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and nitroxin. These fertilizers not only reduce the negative effects of chemical fertilizers, but also improve the growth and reproductive characteristics of blackberries.

To investigate the effect of nitroxin and vermicompost on the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of blackberry, a factorial study was performed in a completely randomized design at 5 levels of vermicompost (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40) and two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation of nitroxin in pots in Noor city. For this experiment, culture media were prepared by mixing different levels of vermicompost with the base soil in the pot. Then, the rooted and uniform seedlings were prepared and selected for use in the experiment and the roots of the plants were placed in nitroxin solution (ratio of 1 to 10 with water) for 10 minutes and then planted in pots.

The results showed that the highest number of buds (42.5 per plant), the number of clusters (5.5 per plant), fruit weight (3.37 grams per plant) and the shortest ripening period were produced in 20% volume of vermicompost. The highest weight of drupelets (0.10 grams) was obtained in 30% volume of vermicompost. In addition, the largest flower diameter (3.77 cm) was seen in nitroxin treatment with 30% vermicompost by volume. The highest internode length (5.65 cm), branch length (2.55 m) produced in nitroxin treatment alone. The highest internode length (5.65 cm), branch length (2.55 m) produced in nitroxin treatment alone. The largest number of nodes (67 per plant) belonged to nitroxin in combination with 20% vermicompost by volume treatment and the largest vegetative branch diameter (2.8 cm) and leaf surface (25.83 cm2) was obtained in vermicompost treatments of 20% and 10% by volume, respectively. The use of vermicompost at the level of 20 to 30 percent by volume can show the greatest effect on fruiting branches, while nitroxin alone or in combination with vermicompost had a greater effect on vegetative branches. Vermicompost improves the growing medium conditions by stimulating beneficial soil microorganisms and the stable supply of mineral elements, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. The physical and chemical properties of humic acid in vermicompost increase plant nitrogen accumulation by increasing nutrient storage capacity and growth regulatory hormones, and plant growth factors such as height, number of nodes, internode distance and leaf area will increase with increasing nitrogen. However, increasing the level of vermicompost increases the concentration of soluble salt, toxicity due to increasing the concentration of heavy elements and the presence of toxic compounds in the plant, which leads to reduced growth and yield. Under these conditions, the use of nitroxin modulates or neutralizes the harmful effects of abiotic stresses. Bio fertilizers that contain growth-promoting bacteria, in addition to providing part of the nutrients and their balanced absorption, increase the nutritional value of the fruit by preventing the imbalance between the plant's internal components.

The use of vermicompost at the level of 20 to 30 percent by volume can show the effect on fruiting branches, while nitroxin alone and together with vermicompost has a greater effect on vegetative branches.

Dichondra repens is a low growing, creeping perennial that spreads by underground runners. This plant is usually planted instead of lawn in warm areas and is also suitable as a cover to fill the gap between the pavements and for planting in rock gardens. Soil drought is one of the major abiotic factors that limit crop growth and productivity worldwide. Drought stress triggers production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage to proteins, membrane lipids and other cellular components. Silicon (Si) is the second most prevalent element after oxygen in the soil. The beneficial effect of the silicon is well documented for several agricultural crops.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of potassium silicate on growth characteristics of Dichondra repens under water deficit as factorial in a completely randomized design in 2018. Water deficit was applied in three levels (100%, 66% and 33% Field capacity) and potassium silicate in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l). Data analysis was performed with SAS software. Mean data were compared with Duncan test at 5% level. Plant height was measured from the collar to the tip of the plant with a caliper. To measure the fresh weight of the shoot, the plant was weighed after harvesting with a digital scale. To measure the roots, the roots were gently removed from the soil and weighed with a digital scale. Leaf chlorophyll was measured by Arnon (1949) method at 480, 663 and 645 nm with a spectrophotometer. Catalase activity was measured by Eising and Gerhardt (1989) method. Measurement of superoxide dismutase activity by Dhindsa et al. (1982) was performed. Potassium concentration was measured by flame photometry. Elliott and Snyder (1991) method was used to measure leaf silicon concentration.

Plant height decreased by 38% in 33% field capacity and non-use of potassium silicate interaction in comparison of 100% field capacity and 200 mg/l potassium silicate interaction. Potassium silicate 200 and 100 mg/l increased chlorophyll content in 100 and 66% of field capacity. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes showed the highest activity in 33% field capacity and 200 mg/l potassium silicate interaction and 33% field capacity and no potassium silicate interaction, respectively. The lowest relative leaf water content was observed in 33% field capacity and no potassium silicate interaction and there is no significant difference between it and potassium silicate at 50 mg/l. The highest amount of potassium was observed in the treatment of 66% of field capacity and 50 mg/l of potassium silicate, which was not significantly different from the interaction of 100% of field capacity and 100 mg/l of potassium silicate. The highest amount of silicon was observed in treatment of 100% of field capacity and 200 mg/l of potassium silicate, which was significantly different from other treatments.

Treatment of 100% field capacity and potassium silicate at 200 mg/l was identified as the most efficient treatment in improving the growth characteristics of dichondra. So with proper management 66% field capacity and 100 mg potassium silicate treatment can be replaced with 100% field capacity potassium silicate at 200 mg/l.

Ideal plant cultivation substrates have become the first and most important prerequisite for the successful cultivation of any plant. One of the appropriate methods to achieve optimal performance and produce flowers with marketable quantity and quality is to use mineral and organic substrates as a substrate for growing ornamental plants. Today, in soilless cultivation systems, various inorganic and organic cultivation substrates are used worldwide. Not only good physical, chemical, and biological properties are important for a substrate, but a suitable culture medium must be available, relatively cheap, stable, and economically viable. Ornamental plant production worldwide has changed dramatically in the last 20 years. There are various reasons, including cheap labor and other initial costs, production has moved to new countries in Africa, Asia, and South America. Ornamental bulbous plants are herbaceous species that are morphologically characterized by regeneration structures located in underground storage organs, such as rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs. Amaryllis has a terminal inflorescence. The flowers are large and the colors vary with species, hybrids and varieties, but it varies from dark red to white, green and orange to mixtures. Amaryllis is produced commercially as cut flowers, pot plants, or propagation material (bulb), as well as gardening and landscaping. It produced as pot plant in Iran. Quality and quantity yield improvement of ornamental plants such as amaryllis is affected by genetic and environmental factors. Growing media is an agronomic factor. One of the important requirements in the production of horticultural products to achieve high yield and good quality, especially in the case of ornamental plants, is the plant cultivation media.

The growth of amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp.) was evaluated using different pot mixtures (v: v). This study was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications in the Ornamental Plants Research Center (OPRC) in 2019-2020 on amaryllis. In this experiment, the applied treatments were included the type of substrate at 13 different levels,1) 80% perlite + 20% coco-peat,2) 60% perlite + 40% coco peat,3) 40% perlite + 60% coco peat,4) 20% perlite + 80% coco peat,5) 80% perlite + 20% peat moss,6) 60% perlite + 40% peat moss,7) 40% perlite + 60% peat moss,8) 20% perlite + 80% peat moss,9) 25% fine-grained perlite + 75% mixed perlite,10) 50% fine-grained perlite + 50% mixed perlite,11) 75% fine-grained perlite + 25% mixed perlite,12) 100% fine-grained perlite and 13) 100% mixed perlite. At the end of the experiment, Plant growth was measured by different parameters such as fresh and dry weight of shoots and root, leaf length and width, number of leaves, bulbs diameter, number of bulbs as well as nutrients uptake in the plant shoot were measured.

The results of variance analysis showed that there is a significant difference among substrates. It seems that the medium of 80% perlite with 20% cocopeat or 20% peat improves plant growth by absorbing more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. Therefore, the morphological characteristics of Amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp.) were also improved. 

Our findings indicate the relationship among media and improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp.), which has been reported in other studies as well.

Soybean seeds are sensitive to storage due to their high oil content and they aged quickly. Aging of seeds leads to a decrease in the percentage and speed of germination and ultimately to a decrease in seed yield. Although the aging rate can be reduced with proper storage methods, the application of some treatments on the aged seeds or spraying some substances on the plants obtained from these seeds can be effective in improving the seed yield. The use of anti-aging substances such as seaweed extract in plants can act as antioxidants and reduce the effects of aging.
 
In order to evaluate the phenological stages and yield of soybean, an experiment was carried out in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology during 2019 and 2020 in three replications. The treatments include the initial seed quality in two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) in four levels (control, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.3%). The experiment was carried out as a factorial in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks.
In this research, applying accelerated aging caused a significant increase in phenological traits in soybean plants. The use of seaweed extract as a priming and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying could increase the rate of occurrence of phenological traits to a significant level. The seed yield in plants obtained from aged seeds was 32.69% less than that of control plants. The use of seaweed extract as priming, foliar spraying and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying increase the seed yield by 43.54, 15.69 and 87.85 percent, respectively. Aging caused a significant decrease of 23.50 and 25.33 percent of final emergence percentage. Pretreatment of normal and aged seeds with seaweed extract in the first year increased this trait by 16.33 and 7.33% compared to the absence of seaweed extract. In the second year of the experiment, the application of seaweed extract resulted in a 12.67% increase in seedling growth under normal conditions, and an 8.33% increase was recorded with the application of seaweed extract under aging conditions.
 
In this study, the application of seaweed extract as seed priming better than foliar spraying. It is possible to recommend priming and the combination of priming and foliar spraying with seaweed extract to accelerate the occurrence of phenological traits in soybeans. The combined use of priming and foliar spraying of seaweed extract is recommended to improve the performance of soybeans in normal and aged conditions.

Hyoscyamine and scopolamine alkaloids are valuable secondary metabolites that are mainly produced by plants of the Solanaceae family, especially the henbane genus. The production of these alkaloids in henbane is influenced by genetic processes, but environmental factors play a more prominent role in the economic synthesis of these alkaloids.
 
This research was carried out in 2020 to investigate the effect of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of hyoscyamine and scopolamine alkaloids on 10 henbane populations in northwest of Iran. The seeds of H.niger, H.reticulatus and H.pusillus species were collected from Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces and dried in shade. After extracting alkaloids from the populations, the amount of these alkaloids was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To study the physical and chemical properties of the soil, soil sampling was done from the root development depth of each plant (30 cm) in the studied habitats.
 
The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of above mean sea level factor on the amount of hyoscyamine and scopolamine alkaloids is significant at the 1% probability level. The results of variance analysis showed that soil nitrogen and phosphorus have a significant effect on the increase of hyoscyamine and nitrogen on the increase of scopolamine at the probability level of 1%. While the effect of potassium on the amount of hyoscyamine and the effect of phosphorus and potassium on the amount of scopolamine is not significant. The research results showed significant phytochemical diversity in terms of hyoscyamine and scopolamine among species, populations, and genotypes of henbane. Based on this, H.pusillus species in terms of scopolamine content and H.reticulatus species in terms of hyoscyamine content were at the top of the studied species, and Meshkinshahr population was at the top in terms of scopolamine and hyoscyamine, while Tabriz and Givi populations were at the bottom in this respect. The high amount of alkaloid in some of the studied ecotypes is affected by the high amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon in the soil and due to the low potassium in the studied habitats.
 
Maximum similarity was observed between the populations of Ahar with Herris, Shabester with Azarshahr, Givi with Tabriz, and Shabester with Khalkhal in terms of the amount of hyoscyamine and scopolamine. In this case, in addition to genetic factors, the similarity of the ecological characteristics of the studied habitats can also be involved.

Autumn cultivation of potato plant is very important because of meeting domestic needs of the country in winter and reducing the price of this product in the market. Cold stress in the early stages of potato growth is the most important factor that limits potato production in these areas.The yield and chemical composition of potato tubers under winter planting date and salicylic acid foliar application in Khuzestan region are very importance because one of the problems in cultivation of potato under Khuzestan conditions is insufficient growth due to dealing with high temperature at the end of the growing season in the autumn cultivation. Because few studies have been done in this regard on new cultivars of potato plant. Therefore, this experiment was performed to investigate of the tuber yield and attributes of tuber yield in potato plant.

The current study was conducted in a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replication in the experimental farm of the Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran, during the crop year 2020-21. The experimental factors in this research include the date of cultivation as the main plot in three levels (25 November, 9 December, 26 December), salicylic acid foliar application as a sub-plot in two levels (0.5 mM and non-foliar application) and cultivars as sub-sub plot at three levels (including early and new cultivars Sifra, Challenger and Columba).

According to the results of this experiment, the three-way interaction effects of investigated factors on tuber yield and attributes of tuber yield, the number of tubers more than 100 g, number of tubers between 50-100 g and number of tubers less than 50 g was significant. The interaction effects of planting date × salicylic acid foliar application and planting date × cultivar on plant height trait was significant, also the interaction effect of salicylic acid foliar application × cultivar was significant for the starch percentage trait and the simple effect of planting date and cultivar on the SPAD value trait was significant. In the following, the results of three-way interaction effects of the studied factors showed that the highest number of tubers more than 100 g in Sifra cultivar under 0.5 mM salicylic acid foliar application in 9 December planting date (with an average of 4.33 tubers per 1 kg), the highest number of tubers between 50-100 g related to the Challenger cultivar with 0.5 mM salicylic acid foliar spraying under 9 December planting date (with an average of 8.33 tubers per 1 kg), the highest number of tubers less than 50 g related to the Challenger cultivar under 26 December planting date and non-foliar application of salicylic acid (with an average of 33.33 tubers per 1 kg) and the highest tuber yield (with an average of 2.368 kg /m2) was related to the Sifra cultivar with 0.5 mM salicylic acid foliar application in the 9 December planting date. In addition, the highest amount of SPAD value belonged to the 25 November planting date (with an average of 42.61) and the Challenger cultivar (with an average of 42.41). Sifra cultivar also showed the highest starch percentage of tubers under 0.5 mM salicylic acid foliar application (with an average of 46.16%).

Now, due to the lack of potato product in late winter, especially in the southern regions in the Iran, cultivation of early cultivars compatible with the region, such as Sifra on 9 December, in order to achieve optimal yield, and the use of salicylic acid foliar application is suggested in conditions similar to this study.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum. L) belongs to the Pedaliaceae family and is an annual and thermophilic plant known as the queen of oilseeds. Sesame is compatible with the climatic conditions of Iran, and due to its unique characteristics, it is possible to cultivate it second after wheat in arid and semi-arid regions. To utilize the maximum production capacity of sesame, implementing the proper agronomic practices such as plant density, optimal planting arrangement and selecting the appropriate genotype is inevitable.
 
To investigate the effect of planting arrangement and planting density on grain yield of two sesame genotypes, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in a hot and dry region situated in Behbahan (30° 36’ N; 50° 14’ E) in 2017 and 2018. The region is characterized as arid, and the average yearly precipitation (over a 30-yr period), which occurs mostly during the autumn and winter months, is 345 mm for the site. The annual mean temperature is 24 °C. The average temperature in 2017 was similar to the long-term meteorological data trend, while in 2017, the average temperature (22 °C) was lower. In this experiment, three factors included planting arrangement (cultivation of one and two rows on the ridge), planting density per unit area (including 20, 30 and 40 plants per square meter) and sesame genotypes Behbahan (local name) and Shavin cultivar were investigated. Data were subjected to ANOVA using SAS software (9.4 version). Because Bartlett’s test revealed homogeneity in the variance of all studied traits, data were presented as the mean values for both years. When an F-test showed statistical significance at, the protected LSD was used to separate the main effects, and the significant interaction effects were separated by the slicing method.
 
The results of grain yield, as the most important trait, indicated that in single-row cultivation, the maximum yield of the Behbahan genotype (1068 kg ha-1) was obtained at a density of 20 plants per square meter. An increase in planting density caused a significant reduction in grain yield when Behbahan genotype was sown as single-row arrangement. In two-row cultivation, the Behbahan genotype responded positively to an increase in plant density and an increase in planting density was associated with a significant increase in grain yield. However, the maximum grain yield obtained in two-row cultivation with a density of 40 plants per square meter (919 kg ha-1) was 16% lower compared to the superior treatment (single-row cultivation with a density of 20 plants per square meter). In the Shavin cultivar, the maximum grain yield was obtained in single-row (683 kg ha-1) and two-row (610 kg ha-1) arrangements at densities of 40 and 20 plants per square meter. The results showed that the average grain yield of the Behbahan genotype (851 kg ha-1) was significantly higher than the Shavin cultivar (561 kg ha-1).
 
Overall, in the Behbahan region and for the local genotype of Behbahan, as the superior genotype, a single-row arrangement and plant density of 20 plants per square meter is recommended.

Wheat is one of the plants that is important in terms of diet and business, and the global demand for it is increasing. One of the harmful and dangerous stresses is ultraviolet light, which affects the growth and production of plants and leads to the production of reactive oxygen species, which are very toxic. The present study was evaluated in order to investigate the effect of C type ultraviolet light on seedlings of three varieties of wheat in order to identify the systems involved in transmitting the defense message of this plant from biochemical and molecular aspects.
 
The experiment was carried out in a factorial manner based on a completely randomized design with three replications at Mohaghegh University of Ardabil. The investigated factors included the first factor of Control and treatment with ultraviolet light (type C with a wavelength of 254 nm) and the second factor of wheat cultivars (Sardari, Morvarid, and Gaspard). Type C ultraviolet light stress was applied at the stage of three-four leaves for 20 minutes and then sampling of the treated leaves at zero, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 18, 24 and 48 hours later. The treatment was done.
 
The results showed that the quantitative activity of peroxidases in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars was not significantly different in front of type C ultraviolet light, while in Morvarid cultivar, this enzyme increase had an upward trend from the very first hours. Also, the results of the qualitative examination of peroxidase enzymes against C type ultraviolet light showed the number of 5, 6 and 9 peroxidase isoenzymes in three of Sardari, Morvarid and Gaspard wheat cultivars. Qualitative analysis of catalase enzymes in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars identified 4 isoenzymes and 3 isoenzymes in Morvarid cultivar. On the other hand, in DNA electrophoresis, the effect of type C ultraviolet light on the DNA of three wheat cultivars showed that DNA breakage occurred in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars 48 hours after treatment compared to control samples and in Morvarid cultivar, from the first hours after treatment. Investigation the changes in expression of genes involved in metabolism such as hexokinase and plant defense such as PR1 in three wheat cultivars as a result of treatment with type C ultraviolet light shows that the expression changes of these two genes in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars follow almost the same pattern and 10 hours after From the treatment, they have shown a decrease in expression, but in Morvarid cultivar, the expression of HK and PR1 genes increased from the very first hours.
 
In general, the results show that the increase in the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes and changes in the expression of PR1 and HK genes in the path of transmission of ultraviolet light C type in three cultivars Sardari, Morvarid and Gaspard gives. DNA breakage along with other changes in wheat indicate the possibility of programmed cell death in wheat.

Heavy metals enter the surroundings through natural means as well as human activities. These metals reduce biomass, growth and photosynthesis and absorption of nutrients, which ultimately lead to plant death. Heavy metals such as copper, induce oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species. Nowadays, heavy metal refining by physical and chemical methods are less used for economic and environmental reasons, and biological refining has been introduced as an alternative method. Among these, we can refer to the inoculation of plants with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium, which can protect the plants against this stress. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of mycorrhiza and rhizobium on the physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper stress.
 
For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in the Faculty of Science, Urmia University in 2021. Experimental factors included four levels of copper sulfate stress (0, 50, 400 and 200 mg/kg soil) and four inoculation treatments (control, mycorrhiza, rhizobium and mycorrhiza + rhizobium). Plants were colonized by inoculum Glomus verusiforme (for mycorrhiza) and Rhizobium japonicum (for rhizobium). The soybean plants were grown in 16 treatment groups with a diurnal regime of 16-hour light and 8 hours dark at 18-29°C. Forty days after planting, the harvest was done and the factors were examined. The studied traits included the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase enzymes, malondialdehyde, fresh and dry weight, soluble sugar of shoots and roots and chlorophyll a and b content.
 
Results showed that chlorophyll a and b content, soluble sugar and dry and fresh weights of shoots and roots were significantly reduced in treated plants compared to the control. This decrease was less evident in Inoculated plants than in non- Inoculated samples. However, antioxidant enzymes activity and malondialdehyde increased under copper stress. Increased enzymatic activity was more dramatic in rhizobia and mycorrhizal plants samples than non- rhizobia and mycorrhizal ones, which was the opposite of malondialdehyde. Based on the results of this study, the use of fungi and rhizobia in copper stress conditions reduced the effects of stress. The highest enzymatic activity, soluble sugar, fresh and dry weight and photosynthetic pigments and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde were observed in co-inoculation with Mycorrhiza- Rhizobia and control, respectively. The efficiency of plants inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizal against copper stress can be due to the reduction of oxidative stress, high antioxidant capacity, maintenance of natural plant metabolism, increased phosphorus uptake, increasing the rate of photosynthesis, Impact on heavy metals bio-availability and improvement of nitrogen fixation e in these plants.
 
According to the results, it is concluded that copper stress has severe effects on effects on soybean (Saba cultivar) and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia can somewhat reduce this stress. Furthermore arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobia had synergistic effects so in many cases co-inoculation was more effective than single inoculation. On the basis of these results, co-inoculation with Glomus verusiforme and Rhizobium japonicum is suggested for improving soybean tolerance to copper stress.