نشریه علوم ورزش
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1401)

Sport is a social action that has become popular in today's world as a leisure style and has political, economic, cultural and social effects. Sport reproduces violence and vandalistic behaviors due to its relationship with society, group, reference patterns, as well as its stress with social-cultural issues. Iranian society has a special interest in sports and keeps its leisure style alive with it. In the meantime, sometimes violence and vandalistic behaviors are also observed among fans of sports teams. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the actions of sport vandalism from 2010 to 2022. The research method is meta-analysis, the study tool includes research published in SID, Noormags and Magiran during the period of 2010-2022. 39 statistical populations and 21 sample sizes were selected by deliberate-judgmental (non-probability) sampling method. The results showed that social deprivation, disintegrated family and media stimulation (high effect size), cultural capital, team-ethnic social bias, feeling of anomalies, ethnic-team cohesion, differential co-operation and social failure (moderate effect size) and informal supervision, mass media performance, social dissatisfaction, belonging to ethnic subculture, history of criminal behavior, official supervision and economic capital (low effect size) have a significant effect on sports violence.

The purpose of this study was to present a model for insurance development in Iranian sports. This research was mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of qualitative research included all the elites in the field of insurance in sports. Based on the selection of snowballs, 15 people were identified as the sample until they reached theoretical saturation. In a small part, the statistical population included all 69 sports insurance experts. The statistical sample was considered a whole number. The data collection tool in the qualitative part included a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part included a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the research data in the qualitative part, open, axial and selective coding and in the quantitative part, the structural equation method was used. The results indicated that insurance development factors (causal, contextual, intervening, strategies, and consequences) had a significant effect on the main phenomenon of insurance in sports. The results of this study showed that the process of insurance development in sports requires attention to a series of causal, contextual, and intervening factors; Therefore, the final model presented in this research can be a complete guide for the development of insurance in Iranian sports.

The present study was designed and conducted to evaluate the effect of trust, privacy and service quality on the success of e-customer relationship management in bodybuilding clubs with the role of mediating customer loyalty. The research method was survey. The statistical population of the present study included all customers of sports clubs and physical fitness and health centers in Tehran. Based on Morgan sampling table for the unlimited community, 384 customers of sports clubs were selected. The sampling method in the present study was easily accessible. The research measurement tools included the standard questionnaire of Dehghanipour et al. (2020). In order to analyze the data of the present study, the structural equation modeling method was used. The whole process of analysis was performed in the form of SPSS and PLS software. The results showed that trust (impact = 0.166; t = 2.037), privacy (impact = 0.436; t = 4.344) and service quality (impact = 0.394; t = 7.740) ) Had a significant effect on customer loyalty. The results also showed that service quality (effect = 0.229; t = 3.494) has a significant effect on the success of electronic customer relationship management; But in the meanwhile, trust (effect = 0.078; t = 1.570) and privacy (effect = 0.094; t = 1.213) did not have a significant effect on the success of electronic customer relationship management. On the other hand, the results of the present study showed that considering the significant effect of loyalty (effect = 0.607; t = 6.680) on the success of e-customer relationship management, it can be stated that loyalty mediates the relationship between trust, privacy and Service quality is successfully associated with e-customer relationship management. For the success of e-customer relationship management in sports, the formation of loyalty is very important and can provide the basis for the implementation of this management.

The aim of this study was to Investigate the mediating role of technological environment on the relationship between technological infrastructure and human resource empowerment in sport organizations. The present study was descriptive and is applied in terms of purpose. The method of the present study was a survey that was conducted in the field. Spritzer and Mishra (1997) Human Resources Empowerment Questionnaire, Kasab et al. (2017) Technological Environment Questionnaire and Kasab et al. (2017) Technological Infrastructure Questionnaire were used to collect data. The statistical population of the present study included all employees of the information technology sector, senior employees, managers and deputies of the General Departments of Sport and Youth(N=640). Based on Morgan's sample size table, 242 people were identified as the research sample, After obtaining the necessary permissions and destributing the questionnaires 192 questionnaires were analyzed. The results of the present study showed that technological infrastructure does not have a significant effect on the empowerment of human resources in sport organizations (effect =0.199, T =1.558, significance level =0.089). The results also showed that technological infrastructure has a significant effect on the technological environment in sport organizations (effect =0.904, t =385.856, significance level =0.001). The results also showed that the technological environment has a significant effect on the empowerment of human resources in sport organizations (effect =0.736, t =6.241, significance level =0.001). Considering the lack of impact of technological infrastructure on human resources empowerment and on the other hand, the impact of technological infrastructure on the technological environment as well as the impact of the technological environment on human resource empowerment in sport organizations, it can be stated that the technological environment plays a mediating role in the relationship between technological infrastructures on human resource empowerment in sport organizations.

This research aimed to identify and prioritize the strategies of sports production companies in the direction of economic development of sports using AHP-TOPSIS integration method (case study: Jame Jam Sports Company). The research method was survey. In order to identify the strategies of Jame Jam Sports Company, the theoretical saturation method and identifying the experts of the studied company by snowball method were used to identify the strategies. In order to analyze the research data, AHP and TOPSIS methods were used SUPER DECISION software and BT TopSis SoLver software. According to the results of the research, it was found that the most important strategies of Jame Jam Sports Company included the strategy of merging with other companies, the strategy of vertical integration upwards and the strategy of heterogeneous diversity. Therefore, the company needs to integrate with other companies in order to create a stronger structure through the development and improvement of its capabilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mediator of commitment in the relationship between leisure involvement and well-being of fans of Iranian football premier league clubs. The method of this research is descriptive-correlational and is an applied research in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the present study was consisted of all fan in the soccer tournament of both Esteghlal and Persepolis clubs in the 18th Premier League. The Cochran formula was used to determine the sample with respect to the unlimited population size. Random sampling method was used. To collect data, Pan and Associates (2018) questionnaire was used for five value Likert scale. To analyze the data, SPSS.16 was used to study and present the structural equation model of PLS3. Findings showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between leisure involvement and well-being, leisure involvement and commitment, but there is no significant relationship between commitment and well-being. Based on research findings, leisure involvement can lead to people's well-being. Therefore, if the proposed measures can be planned and implemented, they can increase the level of leisure involvement and well-being of individuals. In this regard, it should be noted that the ability to focus on the development of culture emphasizes the positive aspects of participation in leisure activities to simultaneously reflect the commitment and well-being of individuals.

The purpose of this study was to develop an entrepreneurial model with emphasis on sports tourism. This was done by conducting a qualitative research of the grand theory type, the method of which is exploratory. This research was done through literature review and exploratory interviews using content analysis (coding of analysis unit, categories and registration unit). To conduct the field interview, the statistical population of the study included expert professors in the field of sport management, entrepreneurship and specialized tourism, as well as entrepreneurs in the field of sports tourism. After analyzing the literature and presenting the research model, 12 people from the statistical community were interviewed to complete the list of entrepreneurial factors with emphasis on sports tourism. Finally, the categories were identified in the form of 23 categories and 81 concept codes, and in the heart of the six dimensions of the paradigm model as causal causes (1 category), the main category: sports tourism entrepreneurship (1 category), strategies (8 categories), conditions Background (7 categories), interventionist conditions (1 category), and consequences (5 categories) were included. In this regard, factors such as environmental attractiveness, financial, sports tourism infrastructure, sports tourism intermediary services, catering facilities, facilities and facilities related to sports events and media were recognized as the underlying conditions and increase organizational cooperation, strategies Economic, cultural and cultural strategies, information, facilities, information acquisition, manpower and support of managers were identified as strategies for entrepreneurship development in the sports tourism industry.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of organizational Anomia on organizational hypocrisy with the mediator role of Social Undermining and Working low in the Tehran Municipality Sports Organization. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all employees of Tehran Municipal sports organization. The statistical sample was estimated to be a sufficient number for Smart Pls Modeling software (215 people) and stratified sampling was random. The research instrument was a redesigned questionnaire from previous research for four variables and on a 5-point Likert scale. Content validity of the tool Verification was verified and approved using expert opinion (12 people), Reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and construct validity using factor analysis. The results showed that in direct relationships; the variable of organizational anomie had a significant effect on social wear (0.444), employee underemployment (0.787) and organizational hypocrisy (0.294). Also, the effect of social wear on organizational hypocrisy (0.386) and underemployment of employees (0.21) was significant. The effect of staff underemployment on organizational hypocrisy (0.498) was also significant. In indirect relationships, too; the effect of organizational anomie on organizational hypocrisy was significant through the two mediating variables of social wear (0.19) and underemployment (0.27). According to research findings, it can be said that although organizational Anomia itself can lead to negative organizational behaviors such as hypocrisy But if the mediator and intervening variables are not controlled This effect can be much more intense.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of word of mouth in the relationship between trust and consumer buying behavior of sports products in Guilan province. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the study was consumers of sports products in Guilan province that 387 people were randomly selected based on Cochran's formula.To collect data, Kim and Park Customer Trust Questionnaire (2013), Bandapi Customer Behavior Questionnaire (2016) and Jang (2007) word of mouth were used. Structural equation modeling and Spss24 and Pls3 software were used to analyze the data and check the model fit. The results showed that customer trust has a direct positive and significant effect on word of mouth (0.55) and can also explain about 52% of customer buying behavior; Word of mouth also has a direct and positive effect on shopping behavior and explains about 42% of its changes; Finally, the effect of customer trust on buying behavior mediated by word of mouth was significant. It can be said that in an environment where consumer confidence in the company and advertising has decreased, word of mouth allows companies and products to influence customer buying behavior.

This study aimed to identify and prioritize economic strategies of small and medium sports businesses using AHP-TOPSIS integration method. The method of the present study was descriptive- survey and it was applied research which conducted as fieldwork. In order to identify the economic strategies of small and medium sports businesses, the theoretical saturation method and identifying the experts with the snowball method were used to identify the strategies. In order to analyze the research data, AHP and TOPSIS methods were used using SUPER DECISION software and TOPSIS software. According to the research results, it was found that the strategy of merging with other companies, the strategy of vertical integration upwards and the strategy of heterogeneous diversity are the most important strategies for identifying small and medium-sized sports businesses. Therefore, businesses in sports need to integrate with other companies and businesses in order to create a stronger structure by developing and improving their capabilities.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of structural equation of learning organization in the Ministry of Sports and youth. The present study is applied-developmental, mixed and descriptive-survey. The statistical population in the qualitative section included experts in the field of sport management who were interviewed using 14 people who purposely selected with snowball method. In the quantitative section of the statistical population, including all experts working in the Ministry of Sports and Youth (N=300), which was determined using the available method based on Morgan table, the statistical sample was determined (n=169). To analyze the qualitative data, the grounded data method and quantitative data were used using structural equation method. Findings in the qualitative part included causal factors, contextual factors, intervening factors and finally strategies and consequences which were presented in the form of a conceptual model. In qualitative part, the results showed that the t value of causal conditions on the main phenomenon was 2/949, background conditions on the strategies were 2/111, intervening conditions on the strategies were 3/352, main phenomenon on the strategies was 2/048 and strategies on the consequences were 5/714, all relationships were confirmed. The results also showed that the research model has a good fit. Therefore, considering the importance of learning organization in the present era that there are extensive changes and threats, learning organization can be a strategy to deal with these conditions. So, managers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth are advised to use the framework of the present study model in order to transform the organization into a learning organization.

The aim of this study was to present a model for developing boundary-spanning in Iranian sport federations. The present study is mixed method and is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey type in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the study consisted of the elites and experts in the field of management who were aware of the subject of the research. The research instrument consisted of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Coding according to the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model was used to evaluate the qualitative data and the structural equation method was used in the quantitative part. Data analysis was performed in SPSS 20 and Smart PLS 2 software. The results of the present study showed that Boundary‐Spanning development model in Iranian sport federations includes causal conditions, field conditions, intervention conditions, consequences, strategies. The results of the present study also showed that the research model has a good fit.

The purpose of this study was to design a model for the role of social networks in sports tourism. The method of the present study was descriptive-survey, and it was applied research which was conducted as fieldwork. The statistical population of the research was managers and specialists of sports, tourism, cultural heritage, and sports media. The sampling method was selected from the available options, and 384 questionnaires were analyzed. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by 12 professors of sports management, tourism, and media. Convergent and divergent validity and composite reliability were also tested and confirmed by PLS software. Descriptive statistics methods, including frequency and percentage, and structural equation tests were performed by SPSS software version 25 and PLS version 3 to analyze the data. The results showed that social networks have a positive role in developing the dimensions of sports tourism; The results showed that social networks have a positive role in developing the dimensions of sports tourism; therefore, the use of social networks can play a positive role in the mental image of sports tourists.

The purpose of this study was to construct and validate the e-readiness questionnaire in sports and youth departments in East – Azerbaijan. To achieve this goal, scientific documents and various articles of 15 experts and university professors in the field of e-readiness of questionnaire were reviewed and 65 items were obtained. Then by reconsidering the opinion of experienced professors the questionnaire was reduced to 58 items. After exammining the qualitative stages, the questionnaire was administered among 162 employees of sports and youth departments of East –Azerbaijan. After going through qualitative and quantitative stages, the final questionnaire was designed with 53 items and seven factors. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on e-readiness questionnaire and fitting model, regarding square root error variance of 0.068, was obtained which was an indication of suitability of fitness model. The reliability of the questionnaire on the basis of Cronbach’s alpha correlation coefficient of 0.86 was obtained which indicated that the reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable. According to the result of the research, factors of e-readiness on the basis of their significance are as following: management, human forces, politics, technology, organization, e-business environment readiness, environment. The designed questionnaire in this study can be a suitable tool for evaluating the e-readiness in sports organizations.

The purpose of this study was to present an electronic marketing model in the production sector of Iran's sports industry. The method of the present research was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and structural equations, based on the present time, in terms purpose was applied and in terms of collecting field information. The statistical population in the quality sector includes experts who specialize in sports marketing and have a history of management in sports equipment manufacturing companies. Also, in a small part, including all the managers of companies producing sports equipment in Iran, according to the statistics announced through the official website of the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Trade, there are 255 people (236 men and 19 women). Due to the limited statistical population, the statistical sample was selected by the total number method, with the difference that only 238 healthy questionnaires were returned by the managers and the final number of the statistical sample is 238 people (223 males and 15 females). The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview in the qualitative part of the interview. The results of this interview were designed in the form of a questionnaire with 4 main factors. For construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), Cronbach's alpha was used for reliability. The results of the final model were approved in 4 factors: technology, promotion, possibility of ordering online and answering customers' questions. Therefore, it is suggested that managers in their manufacturing companies use technology to update the company and provide conditions in e-marketing to make better use of this space to better promote. Also, the field of holding training courses for employees on responding and dealing appropriately with customers should be foreseen, and in order to receive orders, hold a course to familiarize employees to receive orders.