فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 47 (تابستان 1402)

Soil erosion is considered as an important factor in reducing soil quality and degradation. One of the important and influential parameters in soil erosion is the types of land use. Each of the land uses directly and indirectly affects the erodibility of the soil and as a result the quality of the soil. Heshtian Catchment area needs monitoring of soil quality and erodibility due to natural conditions, human interventions and diversity of land use. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of land use on erodibility and soil quality in Hashtian Catchment. In this research, 21, 18 and 14 samples of agriculture, pasture, and garden land use were taken from the basin by systematic-random method, respectively. By performing statistical analyses, the physical and chemical characteristics of the samples, including sodium, potassium, total phosphorus, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, pH, calcium, saturated percentage, bulk density, particle density, and soil texture were determined. Using variance analysis, the relationship between the measured parameters and land uses was determined. The results showed that most physical and chemical parameters of soil with P value less than 0.05 have a significant relationship with land use. Also, the results showed that soil quality index with P value (0.17) has no significant relationship with land use, and soil erodibility with P value less than 0.001 has a significant relationship with land use. Also, using Post-hoc test and Tukey's method, it was determined that agricultural use with better quality soil due to aeration and remaining straw and stubble during plowing and vegetation is suitable, and pasture use is suitable due to excessive livestock grazing and the reduction of soil nutrients has a high erodibility compared to agricultural and garden use.

Urban tourism is sightseeing in urban areas and the interaction of host tourists and the production of tourism atmosphere around travel to urban areas. Due to the fact that they have many historical and cultural attractions, urban areas are often important tourist destinations and as tourist destinations, they have a multi-purpose function. This research was carried out with the aim of identifying, analyzing and ranking the criteria affecting the development of urban tourism from the perspective of experts; the upcoming research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Data collection is done in two ways, document and survey, after review, six farctors including policies and planning criteria, infrastructural factors, advertising and media, residential and welfare, economic and financial, cultural and social were extracted from the theoretical and background literature. The reliability of the questionnaire is based on Cronbach's alpha of 0.985 and the statistical sample size of the research is 50 people from tourism experts and the research area is ​​Shahrood city with an area of ​​51419 square kilometers. The six criteria of this research were ranked after the analysis, and the policy and planning criteria with the highest average rank were introduced as the first rank of the criteria and the transportation network index with the highest average rank was introduced as the first rank among the influential indicators in the development of Shahrood tourism. In the ranking of the following criteria, the transportation network index, family budget, and the index of good travel memories and trust were placed in the first to third ranks of the indicators influencing the development of sustainable urban tourism in Shahrood respectively with the highest average rating and finally, suggestions on the influencing indicators in urban tourism Presented.

Evaluating the sustainability of watersheds is important since it reveals the change in the status of ecosystems in spatial and temporal dimensions. Regarding this importance, current research focuses on sustainability in Sarab Seydali Watershed located in Lorestan province, Iran. For this reason, the Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI) and the conceptual framework of HELP, whose criteria are based on hydrology, environment, life and policy, were applied. Considering different variables such as water availability and its changes, acidity and electrical conductivity of water, development of sewage systems, environmental pressure index, vegetation cover, expansion of protected areas, net annual income, human development index and its related changes, level and progress of education, study and implementation of comprehensive water resource and watershed management plans and emphasis on an interactive and logical relationship with the indicators of pressure (P), state (S) and response (R), the sustainability level of the study area was evaluated . The average scores of pressure, state and response indices were estimated as 0.81, 0.6 and 0.37, respectively. Also, the average scores of hydrology, environment, life and policy criteria were 0.41, 0.58, 0.66 and 0.75, respectively. The results of index evaluation pressure, state and response showed that the watershed's stability score with a value of 0.6 is in the medium level of stability, that the two factors of hydrology and environment cause a weak level of stability, to improve and improve the stability. It is necessary to think of measures for water resources from increasing productivity, saving and building sewage systems and habitat management through extensive management of areas focusing on pressure, state and response indicators.

Food has become one of the most prominent features of the transformation of food consumption against the background of rapid urbanization in the world. With this approach, the present article tries to highlight the safety of food production in the garden house system in Iranian cities, which the quality of supply and demand can threaten or guarantee the life of the society in the direction of sustainability. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The current research was cross-sectional in terms of time domain (July 2022). The statistical population included the beneficiaries (owners) of garden house named Khanebagh in Persian. According to the purpose, the sample size was 35 households (according to the conditions of cooperation). In this research, the research indicators have been evaluated using SPSS and SMART PLS software. The results of the path analysis show that the less efficient marketing and sale of agricultural products are one of the limitations facing the beneficiaries of the garden houses. Considering the leverage of the household's financial power, promoting production-oriented production along with entertainment by changing the individual management of the parts to the joint management in order to increase production, single-crop cultivation for a more economical use of the garden (for example, only apples or only grapes); Using the capabilities of agriculture graduates by using the knowledge and skills of agricultural specialists to make these gardens profitable, using water engineers to properly implement pressurized irrigation systems in order to reduce water wastage are some of the proposed research solutions for the food security of gardens. Also, behavioral strategies, especially due to the traditional structure of Iran's agriculture, can create grounds for more participation of farmers in the emergence of cooperative behaviors such as water and soil protection behavior.

After the 1970s, climate change and sustainability have become the biggest challenges of the present age, especially in cities. The approach of urban resilience in response to climate change is one of the most important solutions to deal with this issue, which is discussed under the title of climate resilience. This research has been conducted with the aim of evaluating and measuring the institutional resilience of 15 districts of Isfahan city against climate change with an institutional approach. The present study is considered as an applied study in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. Library, field and questionnaire methods have been used to collect the required information and data. The three main dimensions of the institutional framework, institutional relations and institutional performance, have been evaluated to evaluate the level of resilience indicators. The ANP network analysis process has been used to determine the relative importance of the studied criteria and the Prometheus and Gaia model has been used to determine the resilience of regions against climate change. According to the results of the research, districts 9, 4, 3, 2 have a very favorable situation in terms of resilience against climate change from an institutional point of view, districts 5 and 6 have high resilience, districts 13, 7 and 12 have medium resilience, districts 11, 15 and 1, have weak resilience and districts 10, 8 and 14 are ranked last, and are among the most deprived regions in terms of having resilience indicators against climate change from an institutional perspective. the results of this study show that Isfahan city is exposed to climate changes, and due to its location in a dry region and changing its climate to semi-arid in recent years, it can affect the urban system and its residents. Finally, it can be said that Isfahan is not a stable city against climate change, and if the current situation continues, it will not be able to withstand climate change in the future.

Unbridled physical-spatial development of cities causes changes in land cover and loss of coherence of green infrastructure. One hazard in cities is that the sustainability of these infrastructures is neglected in comparison to urban development. The presence of these infrastructures (riverside lands, gardens, urban parks, agricultural greens, and wastelands) in and around cities can provide countless ecosystem services that would be irreplaceable if lost. In this way, it is necessary to know the process of urban landscape changing to guide planning and management. This research aimed to evaluate and predict the changes in land cover, measure the changes in the landscape structure, and then propose green infrastructure sustainability strategies to guide the landscape management in district 2 in the Tehran metropolitan. This region always had a privileged position due to the crossing of two river valleys (Darakeh and Farahzad). In this research, satellite images of1986, 2000, and 2016 years were used to prepare maps of different land covers by IDRISI software. Also, the Ca-Markov chain was used to predict land cover for 2032 year. According to the purpose, three classes (green space, open space, and man-made space) were considered. Green and open spaces are green infrastructures. Also, for analysing the structural changes, it has been calculated landscape metrics (NP, MPS, MPAR, CONTIG, MESH, SPLIT, LP, PLAND, and Division) by FRAGSTATS software. In total, during the years 1986 to 2016 years, respectively about 617 ha of green lands and 1100 ha of open lands have turned into man-made lands. According to the results that show the widespread replacement of green infrastructures by man-made lands and the loss of their integrity, strategies based on the five principles of landscape ecology have been proposed.

Rural housing is one of the most important components of the biological and social base of every household, which plays an important role in ensuring the comfort and convenience of its residents. In this regard, providing sustainable rural housing as housing that is socially, economically and physically compatible with the environment has become a fundamental problem in rural areas; Therefore, the aim of the current research, which was carried out using the DIMTEL technique, is to identify the factors affecting the sustainability of rural housing in Belyan district of Kazeron city and to introduce the effective and efficient factors. In this regard, in order to select the sample size according to the size of the region, stratified method was used and in some cases, snowball method was used.In order to identify indicators, factors and variables affecting the sustainability of rural housing in Belyan district, with a special emphasis on field study and research studies in this specialized field, 7 factors were identified along with 21 items, and the basis for the design of Dimtel questionnaire was used as the main research tool in field studies. took The statistical population of the present study included three groups, and a total of 30 questionnaires were completed. The obtained alpha of the questionnaire was 0.91, which shows high reliability. The results of statistical studies show that the most important influencing factor (ri) on the stability of rural housing in the study area is the physical factor, the most important effective factor (cj) is the psychological factor, the most effective and effective factor (ri ci) is the psychological factor, and in terms of the total intensity Effectiveness and effectiveness (ri-ci) in the sustainability of rural housing, the economic factor has a causal role and the infrastructural factor has a causal role.