فصلنامه رسانه
سال سی و چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 130، بهار 1402)

Media policies in Iran are often complex in such a way that overlapping dimensions can be imagined in these policies. In general, despite the need for independence of the media sphere (including cyberspace) this sphere is formed mainly under the influence of the government, and more media platforms reflect the will of governments. This article seeks to explain the media policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran that are applied in the field of cyberspace. In this regard, using critical process research, which is a good way to identify the current situation and envision the future of media policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the theoretical approaches of Castells (network society: power and anti-power) and Friedman (biased and neutral policy), different aspects of media policies in the field of cyberspace and the approach of governments in controlling and dominating this field will be identified. Findings of the study indicate 13 components as the most basic media policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, the need to look beyond the discourses of governments in these policies is palpable. In other words, in order to achieve an up-to-date policy that meets the needs and requirements of cyberspace, one must go beyond these discourses.

Social networking sites have created new ways of interaction and human communication in the online environment. The aim of the researcher in the present study is to investigate the relationship between memberships in social networking sites on changing the communication behavior of users in everyday life. In the present study, the relationship between non-membership and users membership in online social networking sites on the one hand and their narcissism, self-esteem and the need for integrity of interpersonal communication in online and offline space was investigated. In this study, 3 hypotheses were examined. The research sample consists of 268 students who were selected by simple random sampling. This study was a correlational study that three standard questionnaires according to psychological criteria were used to collect data and a self-made questionnaire was used to assess the need for integration. Descriptive statistics (frequency) and inferential statistics (Chi-square) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the relationship between membership and non-membership in social networking sites and the need for correlation and narcissism of users in offline interpersonal communication is significant. While there is no significant relationship between membership and non-membership in social networking sites and their self- esteem in offline interpersonal relationships.

The aim of this study is to comparatively review the news terminology of Kayhan, Etemad, Resalat and Shargh newspapers in the 2017 presidential elections.In order to identify the position of the studied newspapers in political terminology and news flow, symbolism and myth-making, the role of newspaper owners and publishers in the political currents leading to the elections and to examine the prominent concepts, orientations and tactics of the news, Dominant discourse, the most important methods of selecting news and content, etc. have been done in the upcoming newspapers.The present research is applied in terms of purpose and combined in terms of method (quantitative and qualitative method).The statistical population of this research is a small study of Kayhan, Etemad, Shargh and Resalat newspapers, which have been studied in the 100-day period from before the presidential election until the inauguration of the elected president. Also, the statistical population of this research is the qualitative level of five prominent communication science specialists and journalists in the country.The results show that there is not a significant difference between the surveyed newspapers in terms of addressing various issues, dealing with candidates or individuals on the one hand and parties or groups,

Following the murder of Martyr Soleimani in 2019, the dominant system and the opponents of the Islamic resistance made significant attempts to influence and control the public opinion around the globe, particularly in the West Asian region and among Americans, using media outlets and open internet forums in an effort to persuade the world of this vile evil while defending the assassination. The next piece, which addresses the crucial problem of media representation, representation of Qassem Soleimani's murder on Twitter and Instagram of Iran International Network is how this key question is being addressed with the use of qualitative content analysis method, intelligent data gathering techniques, and netnography methodology. How did it get done?" The study's conclusion examining and expressing the opinions of the Twitter and Instagram users of the Iran International news media, highlighting the time of Martyr Soleimani's assassination, highlight many points:Inversion of the facts and reality of the resistance front through deliberate representation and the use of stereotyping. Islamic and consistent with both American statesmen's conduct and global public opinion.The Islamic Resistance Front has triumphed in armed conflict, but it has not made effective use of its resources when creating dialogue online.The resistance front must innovate in the arena of media conflict and cyberspace and switch from an offensive to a defensive approach. In fact, with the help of an imaging pioneer, the Islamic Resistance Front might seize media coverage.

The purpose of this study is to construct and validate a questionnaire of professional competencies of teachers of media thinking and literacy. The research method is survey research and its statistical population also includes 100 teachers who have experience in teaching thinking and media literacy in Birjand. In the present study, the sample size based on Morgan table is 80 people and simple random sampling method has been used for sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the data were analyzed with the help of SPSS software and using construct validity with exploratory factor analysis by principal components method and orthogonal rotation by Varimax method. 16 factors have been identified in the questionnaire that has a specific value higher than one. Items with a subscription rate of less than 0.5 were removed from the questionnaire and exploratory analysis was performed twice more on the remaining items, which were eventually reduced to 7 components, which were obtained as components of the final questionnaire. They had both theoretical and logical justifications. The reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.94); which indicates the acceptable consistency of the questionnaire. The results of these analyzes showed that this questionnaire had seven factors 1) Behavioral competencies; 2) Media knowledge; 3) Teaching skills; 4) Thinking skills; 5) Media skills; 6) Emerging media literacy; and 7) Pedagogical competence It has good reliability and validity.

A closer look at the media space of the country shows that the share of advertising of cultural products in the media space (television, newspapers, magazines and billboards) is small. Also, considering the multiplicity of references and influential factors in the field of culture, one of the challenges in the field of advertising cultural products is to determine the effective categories and components. On the other hand, most of the research focused on advertising so far is often focused on commercial advertising and the lack of a comprehensive, integrated and clear local model has led to some problems in this area, so the present study tries to take action. To "study the role of advertising cultural products in the Iranian media (television, newspapers, and magazines) and explain the appropriate model for advertising cultural products." In order to conduct this study, an attempt has been made to examine the current status of the share of cultural products advertising in the Iranian media space. Indicators, components and effective factors and their characteristics in the study area, a suitable, comprehensive and integrated local model for advertising cultural products are presented

The researcher has identified five distinct mindsets in this field: Emphasizing the important status of internal factors in gatekeeping, and believing in a more nation-oriented relative objectivism, mindset one state that the social responsibility is to avoid demagoguery, fight against the colonial culture of the West, and religious deviations in the society. Emphasizing the important role of extrinsic factors in gatekeeping of contents and its belief in pro-government relative objectivism, mindset two states that the social responsibility of Voice of Islamic Republic of Iran is to support the policies and programs of the state, especially the government. Believing in absolute objectivism, prefers the objective descriptive critical method over the other ones, mindset three states that the social responsibility of Voice of Islamic Republic is to reflect the facts completely, analyze and describe event in complete independence from the will of others, be they government of people. Although mindset four apparently prefer an objective-development method, due to its negligence of the critical spirit as a requirement, in fact, it believes in objective-quasi-development method and sees the social responsibility of Voice of Islamic Republic of Iran from this angle. Although mindset five seems to prefer the development method, due to its superficiality and inattention to its requirements, including ensuring professional independence and job security of programmers as well as programming based on the theory of developmental media, in fact believes in a quasi-development method and does not consider the social responsibility of Voice of Islamic Republic of Iran anything more than this.

Today, the use of social media (Internet networks and satellites) has become an integral part of urban life, so that this new technology has been able to lead to fundamental changes in social identity and lifestyle in cities.The current study tries to investigate the relationship between using media and women's lifestyles. The population of research includes employed women in Jiroft's government organization is reported 28000 in 1394. Participants are 400, calculated with the validity of 95 percent through Cochran formula. A combination of both random and cluster sampling was used as a sampling method. Within the theoretical framework a combination of theories of Velborn, Bordio and Rush was used to define social factors and also theories of Max Veber and Dorkim were used to clarify the influential factors of lifestyle. The result shows that among all the parables of the study media using has the most direct and positive effect on lifestyle. This effect is about 0/198 . Accordingly the variables of group identity ( with the impact of 0/155) and cultural use ( the impact of 0/186) have the most effect on lifestyle. The direct effect of other variables in structural equation modeling was not meaningful and was deleted in the revisioned model. Other variables effect on lifestyle through their impact on group identity.

Marketing researchers believe that the shopping process is a decision-making process and includes the steps that the buyer goes through to decide what kind of products to buy. The online shopping environment helps buyers to spend less time making decisions by accurately evaluating product information and comparing it with other products.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of individual biases on online shopping behavior with regard to the mediating role of ethnocentrism (ethnic prejudices) of consumers (case study: domestic clothing brands on Instagram).
The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of data collection method.
The statistical population in this research includes all the customers of the domestic brands of the clothing industry in Mashhad, whose number of customers is uncertain.
Therefore, in the statistical sample using Cochran's formula, 384 samples were selected by non-random sampling method.
The research tool was a 49-question questionnaire, whose content validity, according to the opinion of experts, and construct validity were measured based on the confirmatory factor analysis technique; also, to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha test was used and for data analysis, the structural equation technique was used by applying Smart PLS software. The results indicated that consumer ethnocentrism mediates the effect of individual prejudices on online shopping behavior. Also, individual prejudices have a significant effect on consumers' ethnocentrism (ethnic prejudices) and consumers' online shopping behavior.

Due to new communication technologies and emerging platforms, the news industry has entered a complex and highly competitive environment. Therefore, the future is a challenge and concern for news media executives. They always try to think about the factors affecting the future and their possible situations to achieve possible images of the future ahead. Although the IRIB news agency is one of the most important and large news agencies in the country, but it is certainly not immune to these challenges. Hence, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the future of the IRIB news agencies. The importance of recognizing these factors and prioritizing their effectiveness is that any policy and strategic planning depends on recognizing these factors. For this purpose, with the Delphi method, as a common method in future research and with purposeful sampling, the expert views of 19managers, editors, and researchers of the political deputy of the IRIB based on the principle of theoretical saturation were used. After two stages of Delphi and identifying the most important and uncertain factors, and after taking the geometric average, the most important factors affecting the future of the IRIB News Agency were prioritized: the degree of professional and managerial independence of the IRIB News Agency, Ability of journalists to create structure and use new methods to understand the taste of the audience accurately.