فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 57، بهار 1402)

One of the important issues of the Safavid period is their challenges with foreigners, such as the Portuguese, in the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese domination over the Persian Gulf led to some effects regarding economic and social life in this region and destruction of free trade. The Portuguese rullling, which lasted for more than a century, finally ended during the reign of Shah Abbas I. One of the important issues in ending the Portuguese domination over these areas and especially on Hormuz Island was the British role, which has been exaggerated by some Western historians. These battles are considered the most important reason for the defeat of the Portuguese. This research was based on rereading and analysis of this premise by relying on Iranian traditions. The basic question was whether the quality and role of the government and Iranian forces in the liberation of Hormuz had been specified in important Persian texts and traditions for this battle. It seemed that the role and Iranian forces in liberating Hormuz was much greater than that of the British according to Persian historical texts and especially poems. In this research, this issue was investigated through an analytical-descriptive method.

The Javid tribe is one of the four tribes of the Lor Mamasani Union of Fars. This clan lived with Rostam, Dushman Ziyari, and Bekash clans in the northwest of Fars. Their tasks were leadership, cohesion, and support of the public in political and social developments. The management system among them somehow showed the tribe's management style in this union. This system always underwent changes due to reasons, such as the competition for the post of sheriffdom and involvement of central government agents in the selection of sheriffs. Considering the importance of changing the sheriffs of the Javid clan and people’s actions in the mentioned region in the socio-political stances of the Mamasani tribe and the way the events were influenced by their actions, this research aimed to investigate the influence of government officials in the process of changing the sheriffs of the Javid tribe and the people’s reactions. Regarding these governmental changes during the Qajar period, Javid intended to answer this question: which people or families in the post of sheriffdom underwent a rise and fall caused by the change of sheriffs in Javid tribe? The research investigated this issue based on a library method with the help of new documents belonging to some local families and through the comparative study of the gravestones of the families of the management station in this area and interviews with people, who were knowledgeable about the issues of the area.

According to ibn Ishaq, the Prophet (PBUH) wrestled with Rukana ibn al-Abdu Yazid to invite him to Islam and ordered a tree to come to him and then return to its place. Two consecutive events of wrestling and the tree movement in ibn Ishaq's report are reflected in Islamic sources in the form of two independent narrations of wrestling and the miracle of the tree movement. In addition to the differences in sources in how the two events are narrated, the accuracy and credibility of these reports need to be considered. Therefore, the present article focused on observing the textual changes and analyzing them and comparing the texts with each other, while validating the documents and examining the decency of the reports. The results of this study showed that the existing reports of wrestling and tree movement were suffering from textual anxiety and had conflicts in terms of time, goals, and the people involved. The results of the dating of the reports also indicated that ibn Ishaq's report was the oldest available version of this event, which included the two themes of wrestling and the miracle of the tree movement. It had been the source of other subsequent reports. Since ibn Ishaq's report was distorted in terms of attribution and lacked valid criteria in terms of textual structure, the reports based on it were also considered invalid.

The present article examined the resistance formed against the policy of removing the hijab during Reza Shah’s Period and the lack of support of the new middle-class employees in Azerbaijan. These kinds of studies focus on the importance of designing the types of policies by the government and political system in the cultural field of the society, especially the ethnic area of the country and adopting strategies to advance them. The purpose of this study was to find the answer to the question of what factors led to the lack of cooperation by the government employees in Azerbaijan as an important force against advance of the policy of removing the hijab in this region. The obtained results showed that many factors had caused the lack of support and people’s resistance in the different strata of Azerbaijan, including the new middle class, against the policy of banning the hijab.

One of the basic crises faced by the Fatimid government since their arrival in Egypt is the bread crisis and its shortage. They applied several strategies to control and manage the consequences of the bread crisis. This article wants to answer this question: What economic policy did the Fatimids adopt to control the shortage or high cost of bread or the resulting crises? The findings of the research show that the bread crisis management measures in the Fatimid government were focused on "supply control" as the control of human factors disrupting the bread market instead of "demand control". In addition, in the management of the bread crisis, depending on the causes of its occurrence, measures such as: Reducing or temporarily stopping grain exports, planning to increase grain imports, allocating cash subsidies to flour and bread and its direct distribution, reforming the distribution network and reducing the share of middlemen in the production and distribution cycle, direct involvement in determining the price of bread, controlling monopoly and hoarding in Bread supply and distribution network and dealing with disruptive and profit-seeking human factors, credit purchase of grain from production and distribution, activation of economic institutions regulating the market and cancellation of all types of grain purchase and sale taxes. The research method in this article is the description and analysis of data collected from historical sources.

One of the problems raised regarding the influence of Hellenism on the ideology of the Arsacid kingship is the cult of king. Most of the researchers have taken this assumption for granted that the Parthians have followed the customs of the Seleucid kingship and elevated the founder of this dynasty to divinity by following them. The available information includes some historical sources and some archaeological and numismatic evidence. Did the Parthians worship their ancestors by imitating the Hellenistic culture? This article aimed to revises the existing assumption with an emphasis on Iranian traditions. Undoubtedly, Parthians used Hellenistic artistic traditions, but there is no evidence to specifically confirm the Cult of living kings in this dynasty unlike the Seleucids and Ptolemies. This research which is carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and is based on Iranian documents, i.e. Zoroastrian texts and Ostraca of Nisa, also shows that the divinity of Arsaces in the sources and monuments of old Nisa refers to the custom of sanctifying and honoring royal ancestors, its main origin is not Hellenism but ancient and pure Iranian/Zoroastrian beliefs in the worship of Fravahars.