نشریه سوخت و ساز و فعالیت ورزشی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Hypertension similar to dyslipidemia is most important cardiovascular diseases that exercise training can have a preventive and therapeutic effect on them. The effect of combined exercise training as an effective method is one of the new ways to combat hypertension and cardiovascular health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercises training on cardiovascular inflammatory markers and blood pressure in hypertensive men.In this study that designed with pre-post tests with control group, 9 men (47.33±4.5 years; body mass index 33.18±5.27 kg/m2) as combined training group [COT] and 9 as control group [CON] (48.44±3.20 years; body mass index 30.51±5.35 kg/m2) were randomly selected from volunteers. Combined training (aerobic and resistance) that performed in 16 weeks consisted of 4 sessions per week (2 sessions of aerobic and dynamic resistance training, respectively). Aerobic training with 40-65% maximal oxygen uptake (70-80 minutes) and dynamic resistance training with 55% maximum repetition (70-80 minutes) were performed. Results of ANCOVA test showed that systolic and diastolic blood pressure, galactin-3 and endothelin-1 plasma levels were significantly decreased in the post exercise training group as well as in the control group (p<0.05). In lipid profile, we observed significant decrease in total cholesterol (TChol) in combined exercise training group (p<0.05). It can be concluded that, the results showed that the combination of aerobic and resistance training, in addition to lowering blood pressure and improvement of dyslipidemia in men with hypertension, led to a decrease in biomarkers affecting vascular inflammation and heart failure.

Adipokines are molecules secreted from adipose tissue that are related to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training along with green tea extract (GTE) supplementation on the concentration of adipokines apelin and chemerin in obese women was investigated.

Thirty untrained women with a body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2 were selected from among obese women using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design method and were divided into three groups including training and green tea extract (GT), training and placebo consumption (PT) and green tea extract consumption (G). GT and G groups took 600 mg.kg-1 of GTE daily and PT group also took 600 mg of placebo for 8 weeks. The resistance training program consisted of 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks (60-70 minutes with an intensity of 65% to 80% of a one repetition maximum). Serum level of adipokines was measured using ELISA method.

The results of ANOVA with repeated measures indicate a significant decrease in serum levels of apelin and chemerin in GT and PT groups compared to G. Also, a significant decrease in the level of these adipokines was observed in the post-test compared to the pre-test in all three groups.

8 weeks of GTE intake and resistance training decreased inflammatory adipokines in obese women, and the combinatory effect of resistance training with GTE was more effective than the other two conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation on cardiac heat shock proteins level and gene expression level of microRNAs in rats exposed to arsenic. 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of Control, Curcumin, Exercise and concomitant(Curcumin+Exercise). Arsenic 5 mg/kg.day and curcumin 15 mg/kg.day, were consumed orally for entire the study period. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w, 60 min/session (consisted of 10 intervals of running (4 min) at 85-90% of Vo2max with 2 min recovery at 50-60% of Vo2max). Tissue protein content and gene expression levels was assessed by Western blotting and PCR methods respectively. No between group difference was observed for gene expression levels of miR-21(P>0.05).The cardiac HSP60, HSP20 levels and the gene expression levels of miR-30 was significantly higher in all three intervention groups compared to Control group(P<0.001). Moreover, the cardiac HSP60, HSP20 content was significantly higher in concomitant group compared to both groups of Exercise and Curcumin(P<0.05). Arsenic exposure may likely increase the vulnerability of cardiomyocytes to injury by altering the amount of heat shock proteins content and the expression levels of microRNAs. Both HIIT and curcumin supplementation could be likely effective to reduce the hazards of arsenic within heart, However, the concomitant intervention might be had more beneficial effects. However, more research is still needed to be done due to the lack of similar evidence and no comprehensive measurement of the influential factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sprint interval training on hippocampal oxidative stress markers hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats. This is an experimental study in which 16 male Wistar rats were obtained, and after environmental adaptation and reaching target weight range randomly divided into two equal groups: control (CO) and sprint interval training (SIT). The SIT was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 4-9 repetitions of 10 seconds with 60 secs of active recovery between intervals. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session the rats were anesthetized and the hippocampus was dissected and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in hippocampus homogenate. The independent samples T test was used for data analysis (P<0.05). There were no significant difference between the SIT and CO groups in the hippocampal GPx, TAC and MDA levels (p < 0.05). However, the activity level of SOD in the SIT group was significantly higher than the CO group (p<0.05). The present research revealed that despite its strenuous nature, SIT did not induce oxidative stress in the hippocampus and trend of changes in GPx and TAC, as well as observed significant increase in SOD activity levels suggests that it may have favorable effects on hippocampus oxidative- antioxidative status.

Heart performance declines with age and obesity. Aging and obesity a major risk factor toward the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aging heart undergoes several changes at the molecular, cellular and physiological levels, which diminishes its contractile function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and omega-3 on atrophy indices in the cardiomyocytes of elderly HFD rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (mean weight 148.82±18.24) were divided into 5 groups: Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet-Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet-Omega3 (HFDω3) and High-Fat Diet-Training-Omega3 (HFDTω3). The supplement groups received 1 g of Omega3 (per kg of body weight) orally during the intervention period. Aerobic exercise program including running on treadmill with an intensity of 50-60% oxygen consumption (VO2max), was performed 5 days a week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P<0.05.

Significant decrease were seen in FoxO3a, MAFbx, and MuRF1 gene expression levels in HFDT (p=0.039, p=0.016, and p=0.043, respectively), HFDω3 (p=0.035, p=0.044, p=0.030, respectively), and HFDTω3 (p=0.0001, p=0.0001 and p=0.0001 respectively). Also, a significant decrease in FoxO3a expression was observed in the HFDTω3 group compared to HFDT (P=0.040) and HFDω3 (P=0.045).

Aerobic training and omega-3 protected against HFD-induced cardiac atrophy in elderly rats, however, the combined effect of aerobic exercise and omega-3 was better.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of different doses of acute consumption of beetroot juice on anaerobic performance in trained individuals.

In a randomized (purposive and accessible) cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design, 9 subjects who were physically active for at least 150 minutes per week and for at least 6 months (age: 20.44±1.33 years, body mass index: 20.55±3.27 kg/m) volunteered to participate in the protocol during 3 weeks in a single session. 2 hours after consuming 70 mL or 140 mL of beetroot juice or 70 mL of placebo, participants completed the anaerobic power test based on running, Sargent jump test, Illinois agility test and the 36-meter speed test with a 10-minute rest interval.

The results of data analysis showed that acute consumption of 70- and 140-ml doses of beet juice had no significant effect on anaerobic power, peak power, average power, minimum power, relative peak power, anaerobic capacity, fatigue index. In addition, acute consumption of 70 and 140 ml of beetroot juice did not have a significant effect on the speed, agility and explosive power of trained people.

The results showed that the acute consumption of 70- and 140-ml doses of beet juice does not create any functional advantage for anaerobic power and its components, agility, speed and explosive power in trained people.

The effect of exercises that consist of a set of mental and physical exercise has received less attention on reducing appetite and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hatha yoga training on Nesfatin-1 as an inhibitory factor on appetite and a regulator of energy balance, appetite and obesity indices in overweight women.

In this semi-experimental study, 24 women aged 35-45 years (with a mean BMI of 28.94 ± 3.62 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two exercise (n=12), and control(n=12) groups. The exercise group participated in hatha yoga training for eight weeks and the control group continued their daily activities. Blood sampling (serum nesfatin-1) and measurement of appetite (desire to eat, satiety, fullness and hunger) and obesity (BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (W/H ), fat percentage) indicators were performed twice, before exercise and 48 hours after exercise in subjects' luteal phase. Data analysis was done by paired t-tests, ANCOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient and using SPSS23 software.

In the exercise group, nesfatin-1 increased significantly (p=0.001). The hunger and desire to eat decreased significantly, the satiety and fullness increased significantly (p<0.05). Obesity indicators showed a small but significant decrease (p<0.05). A positive and significant relationship was found between the reduction of hunger and obesity indicators (BMI, W/H and fat percentage), as well as the reduction of appetite, BMI and fat percentage(p<0.05).

Mild physical and mental exercises such as Hatha Yoga can be useful in reducing the weight of obese women through appetite control.

The present study aimed to determine 2 months of combined exercise training on the expression of PERK and IRE1α genes in Wistar male rats' Vastus lateralis muscle. The present study was conducted in a three-group experimental design with control group. 35 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of control, endurance, strength, and endurance-strength and In addition to the control group, the next three groups participated in exercise exercises for two months. 48 hours after the last training session, and expression of PERK and IRE1α genes of Wistar male rats evaluated by Real Time-PCR. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA at a significant level of P <0.05. The results of this study showed that, after two months of endurance training, expression of IRE1α and PERK genes were significantly increased compared to the control group. Resistance training group did not have any effect on IRE1α gene expression but increased expression of PERK gene compared to control group. Also, the combined exercise group did not differ in the expression of IRE1α gene compared to the control group but increased the expression of PERK gene compared to the control group.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and Portulaca Oleracea extract on Angiopoietin-like 4 Protein (ANGPTL4) level and insulin resistance in rats with NAFLD. Twenty five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, fatty liver control, HIIT, Portulaca Oleracea extract, and HIIT+Portulaca Oleracea extract. To induce NAFLD, the rats were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Portulaca Oleracea supplement at 400 mg/kg was given to the experimental groups. HIIT was performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week at 90% maximum speed. Hepatic ANGPTL4 level and insulin resistance were measured after 8 weeks of HIIT and consumption of purslane extract. One way anova and tukey post hoc test was used for data analysis. Insulin resistance was significantly higher in fatty liver control group than healthy controls (P=0.002). But it was significantly lower in HIIT group (P=0.01), Portulaca Oleracea extract (P=0.037), and HIIT+Portulaca Oleracea extract group (P=0.012) than that in fatty liver control group. ANGPTL4 levels in the healthy control group was significantly higher than fatty liver control group (p=0.01). levels of this index in HIIT group (p=0.036), Portulaca Oleracea extract (p=0.01) and HIIT+ Portulaca Oleracea extract (p=0.007) was significantly lower than the fatty liver control group. It seems that HIIT and Portulaca Oleracea extract can play an important role in controlling the progression of this disease by reducing the level of ANGPTL4 and insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD.

Abstract Recently, the attention of sports science researchers has increased to the role of supplements that help to improve executive functions in addition to improving physical performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the executive functions of athletes before and after exhausting exercise. 30 male athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups of 15 (supplement consumption group before the exhausting test and supplement consumption group after the exhausting test). The modified coocani test was considered as a training protocol. Continuous performance and N-back tests to measure attention and working memory were measured before conconi test and in four other stages. Data analysis was done by the method of mixed ANOVA and using SPSS 26 software.The findings showed that the group that had taken sodium bicarbonate supplement before the conconi test performed significantly better than the other group in the attention and working memory tests (P<0.05). Acute consumption of sodium bicarbonate supplement both before exercise and as a recovery supplement improves attention and working memory after exercise.Keywords: Sodium bicarbonate, Exhausting exercise, Young athletes, Executive functions

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease whose first stages can begin in childhood. Obesity is one of the major risk factors for atherosclerosis, which is becoming an epidemic. The increase in prevalence of obesity has focused more attention on the relationship between obesity and atherosclerosis, and although the relationship between obesity and atherosclerosis has been widely reported, its potential mechanisms still need to be further elucidated. Salusins are a new class of bioactive peptides that play an important role as endogenous regulators of atherosclerosis process. Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory response characterized by abnormal adipokine production and activation of some pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Past studies have shown that inflammatory process has a cause and effect relationship with obesity and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Also, arterial endothelial disorder is an early disorder in process of atherosclerosis, and presence of this disorder in obese children has been widely reported. The most important potential factor that will lead to obesity, inflammatory conditions and endothelial dysfunction is immobility. On the other hand, physical activity has wide health benefits and is considered as an important factor in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the role of physical activity in improving endogenous regulators of atherosclerosis in obese and sedentary children.

Obesity and overweight are among the risk factors of some chronic diseases. The purpose is to investigate the effect of intermittent resistance training with different intensities on toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and dectin-1 levels in obese men. 44 obese men aged 20-30 years old in Tabriz city were selected and divided into 4 control groups, intermittent resistance training with low, moderate and high intensity. The subjects did their exercises for 12 weeks, three sessions a week with 40%, 60% and 80% 1RM. 48 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last training session, the subjects' personal characteristics and Dectin-1, TLR4 and TLR2 levels were measured. The research findings showed that 12 weeks of intermittent resistance training with different intensities caused a significant difference in the levels of Dectin-1 (P=0.001), TLR4 (P=0.001) and TLR2 (P=0.001). P) in different groups. This difference is significant for the TLR4 in the moderate intensity (P=0.01) and high intensity (P=0.01) training group compared to the control. Also, a significant difference in the TLR2 were seen in the low (P=0.001), medium (P=0.01) and high (P=0.01) intensity training group compared to the control. Also, a significant difference was observed in the moderate (P=0.01) and high (P=0.01) exercise group compared to the control in dectin-1 level. It seems that intermittent resistance training with different intensities for 12 weeks can reduce Dectin-1, TLR4 and TLR2 levels in obese men, and this improvement is better in high and medium intensities.