نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال بیست و دوم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress at vegetative and reproductive stages on activity of some antioxidant enzymes, accumulation of compatible osmolytes, relative water content and yield in sage (Salvia officinalis L.), a field experiment was conducted a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Experimental Field of the Hamedan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2020. Treatments were irrigation levels based on maximum allowable depletion of available soil water and their combination that considered for both vegetative and reproductive stages, so that 35% maximum water depletion as the control and 60% and 85% as water deficit stress levels were applied as moderate and severe stress, respectively during the plant growth. Also, 60% and 85% at vegetative stage, 60% and 85% at reproductive stage as well as vegetative and reproductive control were considered. The results showed that, the highest superoxide dismutase activity belonged to moderate and severe stress at complete and vegetative growth stages. The highest catalase activity were obtained from moderate and severe stress at reproductive stage and highest peroxidase activity from severe stress at vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Leaf relative water content was reduced under water deficit stress, while the amount of prolineand electrolyte leachage percentage were increased. Control treatment showed the highest biological yield (14700 kg.ha-1). Also the highest amount of protein was obtained from the control, moderate stress at the complete and vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The greatest percentage of soluble carbohydratewere belonged to moderate stress at the complete and reproductive growth stage.

Since application of salicylic acid can increase tolerance to drought stress by improving metabolic pathways and increasing net photosynthesis, and in order to investigate the effect of application of salicylic acid and drought stress on some morphological and physiological traits of the Verbascum plant, the experiment was conducted in the form of chopped plots in the form of a complete block design. Randomization was done in four replications in the conditions of the research farm of Azad University, Isfahan Branch. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of salicylic acid application at three control levels, 50 and 150 ppm, and water deficit stress at two levels of regular irrigation and water deficit stress (irrigation at the time of 50% soil crop capacity). Finally, root length, dry weight, number of secondary branches, number of leaves, number of flowers on the main stem, height of flowering stem, carotenoid, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a antioxidant and anthocyanin were evaluated. The test results showed that stress had a reducing effect on growth and effective factors on performance. As a result of stress, the ratio of leaf area first decreased, but increased with increasing dryness. The initial decrease of this characteristic was due to the decrease in the leaf area, and its final increase due to the more severe decrease in the dry weight of the entire aerial organ compared to the leaf. The application of salicylic acid improved the morphological and physiological characteristics of verbascum under the stress of low irrigation. While, the treatment of 50 ppm salicylic acid showed the greatest effect on most of the studied traits. As a result, the use of salicylic acid is recommended to improve the vegetative growth and increase the reproductive efficiency of the Verbascum plant and reduce production costs under stress conditions. In the present study, salicylic acid foliar application showed high efficiency in increasing the yield of the Verbascum plant in Isfahan weather conditions.

This research aimed to study the relationship between different phenological traits with grain yield and investigate the effectiveness of these traits in single plant selection in quinoa, which was done based on a randomized complete block design. Grain yield per plant showed the most significant positive correlation with day-to physiological maturity and grain filling period and the most significant negative correlation with day-to-ten leaves and day-to germination.  Day-to physiological maturity, day-to-ten leaves (with negative coefficient), and grain filling period were entered into the regression model. The two traits of day-to-ten leaves and day-to physiological maturity had the most direct negative and positive effects on grain yield changes, respectively. The most indirect positive effect was related to the grain filling period, due to the increase in day-to physiological maturity. The distribution of genotypes in all four biplot areas indicated high genetic diversity of genotypes. The favorite genotypes (16, 8, 15, and 14) had the highest amount of traits of day-to physiological maturity, grain filling period, and day-to milky grain and were located in the favorable area of the biplot. According to the results of the cluster analysis, these genotypes were located in the "grain yield cluster". On the contrary, unfavorable genotypes (2, 7, and 12) had the highest day-to-ten leaves, day-to-germination, and day-to-four leaves. In general, the selection to increase the day-to physiological maturity and the grain filling period and the selection against the day-to-ten leaves and the day-to germination will improve the yield per plant of quinoa.

Temperature is one of the main environmental factors that affect plant growth. grafting in the squash (Cucurbita moschata) family has been considered due to the increased resistance of the transplanted plant to stresses such as low temperature, high temperature and salinity. Experiment was design to study on the effect of Cucumis sativus cv ‘super daminos’ cucumber grafting on squash rootstocks of Cucurbita moschata (Rs) and ghalyani Lagenaria siceraria (Rg) and its comparison with ungraded cucumber (Rn) and grafted cucumber (Rc). The combined experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatments of optimum temperature (27±2°C) and low temperature (15±2°C) with four replications in the research greenhouses of Isfahan University of Technology. At the end of experiment the shoot fresh and dry weight, length of bush, number and length of nodes, chlorophyll index, and photosynthetic indices were measured. The results of the present experiment showed that the rate of photosynthesis was significantly reduced at low-temperature stress and improved in the Rs and Rg under stress conditions. Cold improved photosynthesis and the highest amount of photosynthesis was observed in non-stress conditions and in grafted plants on Rs and Rg. Moreover, Transpiration decreased in Rg, Rs, Rc under low temperature treatment. Eventually, Rg and Rc can improve some characteristics of super daminos in low temperature condition compare with Rs and Rn.

In order to investigate the resistance of H. spontaneum L. against Sulfosulfuron herbicide, an experiment was conducted in five growing regions of this weed in Fars Province (Iran) in fallow farms that were naturally infected with H. spontaneum. Eight herbicide treatments including 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 times the recommended dose (equivalent to 25 g ai.ha-1) in four replicates using the standard error of the mean treatments were compared. The results showed that the level of visual scoring (EWRC) was significantly influenced by Sulfosulfuron herbicide doses. The highest level of weed killing was under treatments of 200 and 400 g ai.ha-1 in all regions of this weed growth. The average survival of wild barley was 8% in different regions with the use of 400 g of herbicide. The dry weight response of H. spontaneum to different doses of Sulfosulfuron evaluated using the fitting of the log-logistic equation, and showed that by consuming up to 100 g of sulfosulfuron, the dry weight of wild barley had a severe reduction of 64%.The resistance degree of different regions biotypes to herbicides was variable considerably. Based on the GR50 ratio, Fasa region was the most resistant of biotype with a resistance degree of 1.22 and then Zarghan biotype was introduced with a resistance degree of 1.11. Eghlid and Jahrom (0.93 and 0.88) were intermediate degree too and Lar was identified as a sensitive biotype.

In recent years, the importance of producing healthy crops has led to special attention to production methods and applied inputs used. For the purpose, a two-year factorial experiment was conducted a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research site of Rice Research Institute, Rasht, during 2019-2020 to reduce the problems caused by chemical fertilizers and replacing them with biological resources. Experimental factors including eight levels of inoculation: control (without fertilization), Pseudomonas, Azospirillium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azospirillium, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillium, and Hashemi and Gilaneh rice varieties were considered. The results showed that the effect of inoculation and variety on yield components and yield of rice varieties was significant at 5% and 1% probability levels, so that the highest plant height (119.6 cm), number of tillers (12.3), number of panicles per square meter (165.1), number of filled grain (126.3) and minimum number of unfilled grain (7) from the combined treatment of Azotobacter and Azospirillium and Pseudomonas were obtained. Also, application of combined treatment of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and Azospirillium increased 79.3% and 30.6% of paddy yield and biomass of Hashemi variety and increased 90.2% and 55.9% of paddy yield and biomass of Gilaneh variety compared to the control treatment. According to the results, the application of Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas treatment is recommended due to maintaining and improving some chemical properties of paddy soil and compensating for 47.4% and 56.7% yield of Hashemi and Gilaneh rice varieties compared to chemical fertilizer treatment.

The rice is staple food in Iran. Despite of high quality of local rice varieties, they have unsuitable characteristics like higher plant height and lower yield. Mutation breeding is a suitable method for induction of genetic variation and improvement of agronomic traits in rice. EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate) create point mutation in DNA sequence and causing low and stable variation in comparing with radiation. In this study the effect of the chemical mutagen EMS was studied using three levels 0.17, 0.35 and 0.51 percent on Sang Tarom in research farm of the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Genetic variation on agronomic traits like plant height, tiller number, panicle length etc. was assessed in M2 generation. A total of 17 selected genotypes, eight superior mutants were identified regarding phenotypic characteristics at M2 generation. These lines have less height, more filled grains per panicle and 100 seed weight comparing with the control (Sang Tarom). The average height of these lines is 131 cm while this value in original parent (Sang Tarom) is 164 cm. Other breeding process is underway in subsequent generations based on pedigree breeding method.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of water deficit on some biochemical characteristics in the seedling stage of wheat in three cultivars. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted in the greenhouse University of Mohaghegh Ardabili with two factors, the first factor of water deficit (35, 60 and 85% of field capacity (control)) and wheat cultivars (Pishgam, Pishtaz and Baharan) in three replications. Water stress was applied in the three-leaf stage for 10 days and then seedlings were sampled to measure photosynthetic pigment concentrations and biochemical parameters. The results showed that with increasing water deficit, the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase and proline increased. The highest and lowest concentrations of photosynthetic pigments belonged to Baharan cultivars and Pishtaz, respectively, under the conditions of no stress and severe water limitation. Carotenoid content and percentage of total protein in Baharan and Pishgam wheat cultivars increased under non-stress conditions. In general, it seems that Baharan cultivar has reduced the destructive effects of dehydration due to its high tolerance to stress among other cultivars studied and also by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and adaptive metabolites.

Dry matter Partitioning in vegetative and reproductive organs and yield of 11 sunflower hybrids were evaluated in different irrigation program during 2013 and 2013 in Karaj, Iran. Three separate experiments including irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from evaporation pan, Class A as base of randomized complete block design were sutdied as control, mild and severe stress conditions, respectively. The results showed the plant height was decreased by 10.1% under mild stress and 17.2% under severe stress compared to control. Although, increasing of the height had a positive effect on grain yield, but the stem weight was more effective than head weight on grain yield. In control irrigation, plants produced thicker stems that made to translocate more dry matter to the grain. But under severe stress conditions, the  head diameter decreased, and the most of the dry matters were used in the head development. The highest grain to head weight ratio was obtained from mild stress. In severe stress conditions, the grain to head weight ratio  went up and it caused to rise linear growth of grain number and weight. Grain yield was diminished on average of 18% and 33% under mild and severe stress conditions, respectively. In the stress conditions, Barzegar hybrid had the highest grain yield for maintaining the number and weight of grain in the heads. The evaluation of strees susceptibility and tolerant showed that STI, MP and GMP indices had a positive and significant correlation to yield and, Barzegar and Sunbro hybrids were superior thant Cultivars and hybrids.

Greenhouse cucumbers are gynoecious, but in the bisexual stage of flower bud, the sex of flowers can be changed. Therefore, induction male flower is necessary for breeding programs and seed production of gynoecious cucumbers. In this study, the response of flower sex change of gynoecious greenhouse cucumber to 1-methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP) and cobalt hloride was studied. The tretment of cucumber seedlings at two true leaf stage by spraying cobalt chloride (10, 20 and 40 mg.l-1) and 1-MCP gas (for 24 hours with 1 and 2 µl.l-1) showed that, 1-MCP increased plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and leaf tail diameter compared to the control.  However, cobalt chloride reduced stem diameter, leaf number, leaf tail diameter and Female flower number compared to the control. The different concentrations of 1-MCP didnot affect on the female flowers. The results showed that, the concentration of 40 mg.l-1 cobalt chloride and 1-MCP treatments in some plants 1 to 2 male flowers induced in the first and second nodes. Pollen seed germination test showed that the male flowers formed were normal and the development of stamens was complete. Totally, the inhibitory mechanism of 1-MCP is similar to silver ion in the biosynthesis pathway of ethylene, to better understand the molecular mechanism of flower sex change in cucumber in relation to ethylene, it is recommended to use other concentrations of 1-MCP in the lines of gynoecious and monoesiouse.

Outcome appropriate strategy is so essential to reduce the irrigation of the turfgrass in the landspace since to high water requirement of turfgrass growth stages and the limitation of water resources. In the first experiment, the application of polyethylene glycol (0, 2.5 and 5%) and humic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg.l-1) treatments at the germination phase and the application of foliar spraying of humic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg.l-1) and drought stress (100% and 30% of field capacity) in the turfgrass establishment stage in the second experiment was conducted. In the first experiment, although the dry weight of seedlings increased at the presence of different concentrations of polyethylene glycol, most of the indices of germination decreased in comparison to the control. In the second experiment, drought stress in turfgrass caused 10-fold increase in proline, decreasing in relative water content, fresh and dry weight of shoots compared to withouth drought stress in greenhouse conditions. Foliar spraying with 250 mg.l-1 humic acid reduced shoot height and density under drought stress conditions. Therefore, it can be stated that the foliar spraying application of humic acid under field capacity irrigation can improve the physiological conditions, lead to increasing turfgrass density and shoot length nevertheless the use of acid humic foliar spraying was not effective in reduction the drought stress of turfgrass.

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is genetically one of the most complex genera in the Cannabaceae family. The genus mostly comprises annual dioecious herbaceous plants probably native to Central and Southeast Asia. Cannabis has been used for centuries and has many applications beyond natural medicine and recreational drug use. Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol are the most active compounds in cannabis due to their strong physiological effects. The psychoactive effect of cannabis is mainly linked to tetrahydrocannabinol, while cannabidiol is known for its wide range of therapeutic properties in the pharmaceutical industry. Although cannabis remains illegal in many parts of the world, the medicinal cannabis sector continues to grow as evidenced by the increasing number of countries allowing its use for certain medical indications, including several central nervous system disorders. Despite a long history of cultivation and use, cannabis has yet to achieve commensurate visibility among medicinal plants due to legal restrictions. The objective of this review article is to summarize scientific findings about cannabis to provide an increased understanding of its nutritional, industrial, and medicinal properties in an effort to facilitate the social acceptance of this precious plant source in Iran.