نشریه تحولات سیاسی اجتماعی معاصر ایران
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1400)

In response to the question, "Why does the Islamic Republic of Iran differ from the Western countries in the interpretation of the rights and duties of individuals and the government?" It is said that in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the law is the legislative will of God, which is expressed in the form of the rules of Sharia for man to achieve perfection and happiness in this world and the hereafter. The necessity of this law is also expressed based on the rule of grace and the proof of public prophecy. At the same time, the rule of the people is emphasized as a superstructure in this system and the vote of the people finds meaning in the framework and foundation of divine legitimacy. It means, in the Islamic Republic, the law is nourished by the two sources of "infrastructural origin of divine law" and "superstructural origin of the rule of people", while the historical memory of "collective representation" can be traced. In recent years, influenced by the development of communication technologies and the expansion of social networks, the demands of the "superstructure" have increased and the traditional order has changed. As a result, internal divide and international conflicts have deepened. To change this situation, creating a compromise between traditional (Islamism) and modern (republican) discourse is a necessity; given the different structures of these two levels of discourse, harmony between the system of rights and duties of government and individuals is inevitable.

The Tudeh Party is one of the most powerful and persistent political parties in the contemporary history of Iran, which was founded after September 1941 when the political space of Iran was opened, and continued its activities for several decades. However, the Tudeh Party experienced many ups and downs in its political life. According to a classification by Ehsan Tabari; member of the Central Committee of the Tudeh Party, this party went through its golden age between 1941 and 1947, and from 1947 to 1953 it entered a period of decline and failure. In this study, the relationship between the institutionalization and the performance of the Tudeh Party in these two sections is examined. To this end, the Huntington's institutionalization indexes of political organization were applied on the Tudeh Party. The results of this study shows that Huntington's institutionalization indexes are directly related to the performance of the Tudeh Party, and the party faces multiple failures when its institutionalization indexes decreases.Keywords: Tudeh Party, Second Pahlavi, Institutionalization, Party, Political Organization

The strategy of the third power, since it is native to Iran's foreign policy, has been considered by the governments of Iran at some point in time. The rivalry between the Russian and British powers over influence in Iran led these governments, which found themselves incapable of influencing and interfering in the internal affairs of their representatives in Iran, to think that another government European interests in Iranian affairs. Therefore, the present article is a percentage of the role of the third force in Iran's foreign policy. The third force was in fact a country whose power was used to reduce the influence and control the policies of Britain and the Soviet Union.This power must have four characteristics: First: it has no colonial goals in Iran; Second: to have enough power and capacity to create a balance between the other two countries; Third: be interested in being present in Iran; Fourth: The Soviet Union and Britain should not be hostile to it.

In the 19th century and the emergence of the wave of nationalism, the process of building a modern state in Iran also crystallized in the Constitutional Revolution, and since then the attempt to build a modern state or national and inclusive government that rules in the name of law and people's representatives. This required reforms and changes in political contexts and structures, as well as new programs in the fields of economics, culture, and society. On the effectiveness of the first Pahlavi and carrying out some measures and policies aimed at strengthening national unity and maintaining territorial integrity and building Iranian identity on the basis of Westernism and archeology, is the first official government-nation-building policies that from 1304 to 1324 ه.ش. done. Meanwhile, the colonial interventions of foreign countries, especially the United Kingdom, in the internal affairs of Iran and inciting ethnic differences, as well as infiltrating the political system (Shah and the elites) have caused the actions and efforts of this period in a direction contrary to Iran's national interests. The purpose of this article is to examine the measures taken and the dimensions of British colonial interventions in the process of nation-building and the formation of modern national identity in Iran, which the author considers the efforts of patriots and patriots who began before the Constitution and since Amir Kabir. It grew and evolved during the Constitutional Revolution, neutralized in the first Pahlavi period, which resulted in the emergence of internal ethnic-tribal tensions and riots in 1324.

The concepts of democratic governments are the manifestation of a democratic system and the basis of democratic government is to explain the status of the rule of law according to its manifestation in international law, which is the arena of human rights and the influence and expression of fundamental freedoms at the behest of a democratic government. , is . Freedom of the fundamental principle In any existing society, the reproduction of two significant phenomena necessary for democracy, namely: a- The emergence and rooting of awareness of fundamental political rights among all or at least the majority of citizens; B- Establishment of desirable socio-political structures to create and manage the right of everyone to participate in the management of public affairs. Recognizing the interrelationships between a democratic system, democracy, the rule of law, and fundamental freedoms, this descriptive-analytical study expands the concepts and the relationship between them with the aim of a comparative look at redefining these concepts and the limitations of action. It deals with the necessity of the relationship between these three categories.