فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 59 (بهار 1402)

In Ali Shariati’s system of thoughts, youth is of a specific position which reveals to us his attention to this precious human treasure. He used to live in a time when his society was divided in two; half were asleep and charmed while the awakes were running away! Shariati believed the youth of his time were struggling with crises such as “confusion”. So, as a responsible intellectual, he pathologized, diagnosed and finally advised a prescription. He gives us a solution to resolve this crisis.  This Article with the use of Spragens four stages theory is trying to firstly show Shariati’s observation on this crisis; secondly discover the results of such a crisis according to his view; Thirdly, illuminate on what basis he has theorized and recreated the mind of this infected society and how he pictured his utopia; and finally what are his solutions for this problem.  In this article it is claimed that Shariati’s “taught of living within”, beside all the criticisms and objections brought up, still has the capacity to face the crises the children of motherland are struggling with in the current time.

This study is to address the narratives and meanings of participatory activities of young women and girls, secretary of active youth NGOs in Isfahan province to examine what social contexts and reasons lead these girls to this type of collective and participatory activities.Relying on the theoretical approach of all types of participation from formal participation to real participation in the 8-step ladder of Arnstein and according to the method of thematic narrative analysis from the perspective of Katherine Riessman, among 38 girls and young women secretaries of active youth NGOs in Isfahan province, the narratives of 22 of them were collected, coded and categorized. Except for one of them, these girls had undergraduate and graduate education, and most of them had studied humanities and social sciences. For them, especially those educated in the humanities, there are few job opportunities. On the other hand, nearly 70% of young girls between the ages of 25 and 32 in this study were single. These conditions have created suitable grounds for encouraging girls to form non-governmental organizations and formalizing their presence in society. Participatory experiences outside of family relationships and communication with quasi-governmental organizations, Basij and government organizations have been effective in the activities of the daughters of the founder of NGOs. These fields and their familiarity with the community issues of the city and their neighborhoods, has led them to social participation in the form of registration and activity in it.

Social alienation, with its impact on civic participation, trust, and social vitality, has always been questioned by sociologists. The study based on the theory of Giddens, Bourdieu and Rothstein is to study the social alienation of young people and the effect of perceived corruption in it by survey method using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes 14-29 year olds in Ardabil province who were selected by the Proportionate Stratified Random and using Cochran's formula 373 sample size. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire constructs were calculated using PLS software, which based on the value of AVE, combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha, the questionnaire was of goovalidity and reliability. The results showed the level of social alienation and perception of corruption among the youth of Ardabil province was lower than average and the effect of perceived corruption on social alienation was significant. Also, the effect of perceived corruption on the intervention of economic and cultural capital variables and by controlling demographic variables (gender, marriage and place of residence) on the social alienation of young people was significant.The fit indices of the structural equation model showed that there is a high agreement between the experimental data and the conceptual model of the research.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are public and private organizations that can provide services, support and empowerment to the victims, especially during the emergence of fundamental problems in a society. Accordingly, the study is to investigate the actions of YNGOs in Markazy province to support of victims of conditions following the outbreak of Covid19 virus and to answer the question whether the support measures of these communities should be a special case in their circumstances or can be explained on the basis of the theoretical literature related to NGOs? For, the observational research method with participation in addition to the documentary research method has been used. The collection of research data has been done by observing the participation of researcher in managing and supervising the preparation and distribution of livelihood packages and also based on the statistics of the Deputy of Youth Affairs of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Markazy Province and analyzing the data based on theoretical foundations in NGOs.The findings showed that 162 members of youth groups in 9 cities of Markazy province in the form of two national exercises, prepared support packages and distributed them among 6148 families. These measures showed the importance of the supportive role of YNGOs in social crises which according to the existing theoretical literature in this field, is their main task and has priority over their defined specialized tasks.

The study is to achieve an interpretive structural design on electronic advertising in order to develop business in the corona pandemic. It was a field research in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection. Considering the main purpose, the research method was a mixture of qualitative (theme analysis method) and quantitative (modeling). The statistical population in both qualitative and quantitative sections, included experts and experts of online stores. Using purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation technique, key informants including 15 experts and experts of online stores selected to identify the framework of e-advertising model in the business of young entrepreneurs in Corona. Then Semi-structured interviews with focus groups were conducted to identify the components and factors of e-advertising in the emerging businesses of young entrepreneurs. Interpretive structural modeling was used as one of the consensus methods. For interview analysis, SPSS software was used to describe the demographic characteristics and MicMac software was used to design the model. Advertising features, advertising channels, brand recognition and credibility and value creation to the customer are in the dependent area and per capita use of the net in the autonomous region. So, electronic advertising can help to develop business in the corona pandemic.

The study is to investigate the role of trust in the manager, distributive justice and job confinement in the job transfer of physical education teachers in Tehran. It was a descriptive research based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all male and female physical education teachers in Tehran in the 1397-98 academic year, whose number was 2152 people. The minimum sample size based on Cochran's formula was 326 people. The statistical sample was selected using stratified cluster sampling method from 19 education districts of Tehran. In this study, “Job confinement questionnaire” of Karsley et al. (2007), “Job transfer questionnaire” of Singh et al. (1996), “Questionnaire of manager” Lee et al. (2013) and the “Distributive justice questionnaire” of Niehoff et al. (1993) were used. To investigate the research model, path analysis was used by Smart PLS software version 3. The findings showed that the manager's trust was not of a significant effect on job transfer intention in the context of sports. The distributive justice was of a significant negative effect on job transfer intention in sports context at the level of 0/01.The job confinement was not of a moderating effect on the effect of manager's trust on the intention of job transfer in the context of sport. Ihe occupational confinement was of a significant moderating role in the effect of distributive justice on job transfer intention in the context of sport.
Therefore, it is suggested that job confinement be considered as one of the important job structures in the Ministry of Education.

The study is to design a conceptual model of professional development for managers in Iranian sports organizations. The research method was a qualitative type with a systematic heuristic approach. The statistical population consisted of two sections of human resources (managers, professors, educators, etc.) and information resources (books, articles, documents, media, etc.). The sampling was done in a sufficient number and with a judgmental method based on theoretical saturation (20 pepole and 57 file). The research tools included systematic library study and structured exploratory interviews. The validity of the instrument was evaluated and validated based on exemplary legal and scientific validity, expert opinion, and agreement between the examiners. To analyze the data, multi-stage conceptual coding with system analysis approach was used. The conceptual framework of the research consisted of 74 components, 16 dimensions and 6 levels. The levels of Model respectively influence on-from sequence of their variables including: Requirements of professionalism in sports management (2 dimensions), efficiency of sports managers training system (3 dimensions), professional development strategies (3 dimensions), professional capacity building system development (3 dimensions), professional development of sports managers (3 dimensions) and professional development functions of managers (2 dimensions). Based on the findings, it can be said that the professional development of sports managers is a systematic and strategic process that is influenced by external and internal requirements and leads to goal functions through efficiency and capacity building. Therefore, it is suggested to use the framework presented in this study to improve the process in Iranian sports organizations.

Social capital is one of the  indicators of the development and progress from social scientists’ point of view and plays a major role in the quality of social interactions. The study is to obtain a sociological model for cultural capital among sport elites interacting with social context. The research approach was qualitative and the method was Delphi. Accordingly, we interviewed 10 experts and sports elite for 500 minutes and based on these interviews, findings were identified in five sociological categories of social capital for sport elites in social context interaction. The category “social interactions” including the indicators of network interactions and social relationships was of the highest score and average. Thereafter, the categories of “social capital”, “human resources” and “capacity” in the social context have become increasingly important to the social capital of the sporting elite by sporting professionals and elites. The category of “material resources” is also of last importance.Accordingly, the indicators of “training as a supporter of sport” with an average of 4/9 are of  the highest effect and “professors and practitioners of the sport”, “teamwork” and “empathy” and “work ethic” with an average score of 4/8 are of the greatest impact.  Also, the lowest impact and interaction belongs  to the “State Support” index with an average impact of 3/8.

The study is to designing a model for the development of citizenship sport in metropolitan areas of Iran turough interpretive structural modeling approach. The method was descriptive and applied in terms of purpose. The data collection was done in the field and in a mixed qualitative and quantitative manner. The statistical population included 18 experts in the qualitative section and 70 in the quantitative section, including managers and experts of the public sports office of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, officials of the federation and the board of public sports, and directors of municipal physical education in Iranian metropolises. The data was collected by reviewing the documents and opinions of experts and by Delphi method- a researcher-made questionnaire containing 16 factors in the development of citizenship sports. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors of sports management at the university and its results by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0/86). Expert opinion, frequency percentage and interpretive structural modeling technique were used to structure the factors and design the model.The results showed that 16 effective factors identified on the development of citizenship sports were at 7 levels. Vision factors and macro management and comprehensive planning and management were placed at the underlying level of the model.In Conclusion, paying attention to citizenship sport should be in the macro directions of the government and the officials should take the necessary action to design and implement a comprehensive program for the development of citizenship sports.

The study is to investigate the obstacles to the privatization of Iranian football clubs through legal approach. The statistical population included professors of sports management and professors of sports law and law who were familiar with sports and the legal structure of sports. It was conducted by the method of snowball to saturation, and finally twenty people were examined. First, through library research and referring to other studies, the preliminaries of the research were provided and then, through interviews, dimensions and items were identified, total of 12 components, and then the interpretive structural process was performed. The findings showed that barriers to privatization of Iranian football clubs include barriers to clubs entering the capital market, structural problems of the stock market, financial barriers of clubs, bureaucracies of sports organizations, administrative problems of regulatory bodies, lack of transparency in administrative legal procedure, interference Government in the privatization of clubs, the influence of non-athletes in clubs, non-implementation of legal privatization laws, clubs' dependence on public and private sectors, distance from FIFA financial standards and legal restrictions on revenue generation.  According to the findings, it can be concluded that in order to develop privatization in Iranian football clubs, legal infrastructure should be created in privatization organizations and stock exchanges, and the private sector should enter the clubs by creating transparency in the structure of clubs.

The study is to analyze the research done in the field of championship sport development, especially handball qualitatively. The method was qualitative and a kind of meta-synthesis with the seven-step method of Sandelowski & Barros (2007). The research population consisted of all the related sources about 465 persons. first, 65 sources were selected based on title. Then, 43 sources were selected based on the abstract, which eventually analyzed 34 sources based on content as related resources by coding. The results of Meta-synthesis classified the effective factors on development of handball championship sport in two environments; internal (micro and intermediate level) and external (macro level) in four main categories: Individual factors (5 dimensions and 24 codes), human-managerial factors (6 dimensions and 40 codes), financial-infrastructural factors (4 dimensions and 46 codes) and socio-cultural factors (6 dimensions and 37 codes). The factors and components obtained from this research can be a good guide for investing, deciding and adopting appropriate strategies for the development of handball in the country.

The study is to design and test a conceptual model for analyzing basketball development system in Iran using structural equation approach. This is a descriptive correlational study. The population consisted of managers, experts and coaches aware of basketball development in the Iran. The statistical sample was estimated to be sufficient for modeling in PLS software and was selected by judgmental sampling (n=214).  The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (96 questions). The validity of the research instrument was confirmed in three parts: content validity (n=11 by experts), reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient=0/89) and construct validity (optimal fitting of modeling).  The results showed that conceptual model of research includes the level of context (international developments and capabilities, national characteristics and background, national background, national sport development), capability (strategic and executive management, physical resources and facilities, financial and economic management, scientific and Technology), Partnerships (Event & Partnerships, Expert Human Resources Management, Talent & Athletes Management, External Stakeholders Management) and Outcome (Sustainable Basketball Development).The conceptual model was analyzed in the software and its results were reported in two parts: a) Factor analysis of the main variables with its dimensions and subsets and b) Path analysis between these main variables. Except for the three relationships of event-based talent, environmental context on strategic management, and the effect of resources on the event, other relationships were confirmed and significant. Based on the conceptual model, it is a strategic process that is ultimately influenced by participatory components.

The aim of this study was to present a model for institutionalizing the Ethical climate in Iranian professional football. The research was conducted with a qualitative approach, in data-based method based on purposeful sampling and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation (23 interviews). Data analysis was performed based on Strauss and Corbin approach (open, axial and selective coding). Concepts identified were classified into six categories 1. Causal conditions (personality, ethical and individual factors); 2. Central category (institutionalization of ethical climate in Iranian professional football); 3. Strategies (culture building, education, meritocracy, revenue generation of clubs, development of infrastructures, transparency, enactment of incentive and punishment laws, organization of fan clubs, institutionalization of supervision and control and improvement of the stadium environment); 4. Underlying factors (financial, cultural-social, structural and infrastructural factors); 5. Interfering factors (economic, cultural, political and judicial conditions); And 6. The Consequences (incidence of oppositions, national and equipment burden, clean football, technical and economic development and increasing inclination to sports) and research model was created. According to the research results, managers are suggested to take some steps toward institutionalizing the ethical climate in Iranian professional football using the proposed model and appropriate planning and decision-making, while reducing ethical problems, and research in the independent effect of each of the political, economic, cultural and social factors in the Ethical climate of Iranian professional football is suggested to future researchers.

The study is to investigate the effect of relationship quality on sports consumption behavior (Case study: Iranian Football Premier League fans in the 2020 season). It is a descriptive correlational study based on structural equation modeling and is considered as applied research in terms of purpose. The statistical population was the fans of all the clubs present in the Iranian Football Premier League the 2020 season. For this purpose and to select a statistical sample, according to the number of fans of Iranian Premier League teams, the sampling method was proportional. In this study, Kim et al.'s relationship quality questionnaire (2011) and Kim et al.'s exercise consumption behavioral questionnaire (2011) were used. Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaires was 0/88 and 0/76, respectively, indicating that the reliability of the questionnaires was desirable. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach and Smart Pls version 3 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the quality of the relationship is of a significant positive effect on the sports consumption behavior of Iranian Premier League fans. Finally, the research model also was of a strong fit.

In recent years, women have turned to self-employment and entrepreneurial processes in sports. Therefore, the study is to analyze the factors that promote and inhibit the development of women's sports entrepreneurship in Iran. It was applied in terms of research purpose and mixed in terms of implementation. First, in order to identify the factors promoting and inhibiting the development of women's sports entrepreneurship, theoretical foundations were studied and interviews with experts were conducted. After making the questionnaire using the identified factors and confirming the validity of form and content, they were distributed among the statistical population. The statistical population included all women active in sports entrepreneurs and owners of sports businesses who were chosen by available sampling method and answered the questionnaire electronically. A total of 273 questionnaires were returned. The exploratory factor analysis test was used to identify components and items and structural equation modeling test was used to evaluate factor analysis of the research conceptual model. A total of 4 driving factors in the form of 23 items (supportive, social, individual and technological factors) and 6 deterrents in the form of 31 items (cultural factors, entrepreneurial spirit, educational support, financial, economic, political, legal and structural) were identified and the conceptual model of the research was confirmed. It was concluded that in order to improve and develop women's sports entrepreneurship in the country, paying attention to the factors that improve the way to reach the first priority and the factors that slow down the path to improvement should be the second priority. Finally, a few suggestions to get out of this damage were presented.

The research is to offer a paradigm model for the sustainable development of sport for all based on an interactive, socio-cultural approach by using Grounded-Theory. The statistical population included specialists, experts, policy-makers, consultants and activists in the field of sport for all. Moreover, the sampling procedure comprised non-probability sampling with purposeful selection and the sample size was 16, based on the theoretical saturation index. In the next stage, the collected data was analyzed, using an open interview based on the three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Having analyzed the data, the researchers identified 24 axial codes and five selective ones for the initial 141 concepts. The results, which were gleaned from the analysis of qualitative interviews, suggested that, on the one hand, the intervening factors included lack of media coverage and support, disregard for audience tastes, enjoyment and personal interests, and finally, negligence on the part of policy-makers. The consequences, on the other hand, encompassed the improvement of social interactions, the increasing rate of participation in physical activities, the institutionalization of public sports in the society as well as changes in people’s attitudes and behavior with regards to public sports. Finally, it could be argued that according to the research model, one of the best strategies for the institutionalization of sport for all in people’s daily lives is to develop a systematic program involving all essential social institutions.

The impact of organizational culture on productivity ensures the survival of the organization in the current competitive era. Karate federation has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Therefore, the study is to explain the impact of the dimensions of organizational culture with the mediatory role of innovation in productivity of karate practitioners of Isfahan. The participantes included of 341 voluntary Isfahanian karate-kas, which were selected using stratified sampling in a convenient manner that were divided into 4groups: Group1 (applying independent variable/conducting pre-test/post-test), Group2 (applying independent variable/conducting post-test), Group3 (conducting pre-test/post-test), Group4 (conducting post-test). Human resources productivity, innovation, Robbins questionnaire, Hersi and Goldsmith questionnaire, and Madsij questionnaire were used, respectively. After taking the pre-test, an 18-hour educational class of organizational culture was held for the samples in the Groups1 and2. So after six months, a post-test was taken again. Descriptive statistic indices, simple ANOVA test, and VAF test via the SPSS software were used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at P<0/05. The results showed that organizational culture training was effective and the mean scores of organizational culture, innovation and productivity in the post-test increased significantly. The effect of mediating the variable of innovation and components of attention to detail, boldness, risk-taking and stability of culture-building on the productivity of part-time manpower was (VAF<0/8, P=0/000); While the whole effect of organizational culture with the mediating role of innovation on productivity depended on the components of individual creativity, team orientation, attention to individuals and consequentialism (VAF>0/8, P=0/000). Paying attention to the type of components of organizational culture in creating general or partial effects on increasing productivity with the mediating role of innovation in elite karatekas of Isfahan province is important.

Management with systematic human resource planning can control labor costs and overcome the human resource surplus and shortage. This is usually done by adjusting the workforce. The study is to develop a qualitative model for human resource adjustment in sports. The method of the research was qualitative and performed using the data theory of the foundation with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. The statistical population consisted of all sports management experts in the scientific and experimental sections. The sampling was performed by targeted method and snowball. The researcher reached the information saturation after 15 interviews. However, the interviews continued up to 18 cases. The data encoding was done by Max Kyoda 2020 software. According to the results, rapid developments and advances in technology and organizational factors as the most important causal conditions, economic costs and pressure from upstream organizations as the most important intervening factors, the existence of roadmaps and programs as the most important underlying conditions, developing a strategic model of force adjustment Humanity and regular and continuous evaluation of human resources as the most important strategies and increasing the productivity of the organization as the most important outcome were identified. Thus, reducing the workforce in sports organizations requires a plan and roadmap, and without this, any action the organization may face serious problems in the short and long term.

The study is to identify the factors of planning, attracting and selecting of talent management in Handball of IRAN. It is a qualitative research that has been done fundamentally. The data collection was done by studying documents and interviewing 15 handball experts which was continued by purposive sampling until theoretical saturation. The data was analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. The findings indicated the existence of 28 effective concepts in talent planning section which were categorized in 8 components: communication and interaction with institutions, appropriate organizational structure, designing strategic and operational plan, systematic evaluation and attitude, developing a structured and executive integrated model, increasing budget and financial resources, conducting research and studies, manpower training. In talent attracting section, 25 effective concepts were classified into 6 components: media advertising, handball advertising and branding, the role of education, the role of universities and other institutions, the role of the general dimension of handball and the role of the specialized dimension of handball. Also in talent selecting section, 28 effective concepts were classified into 8 components: organizational factors, tests and indicators of talent identification, genetic factors, holding competitions, socio-mental factors, physical and motor skills, the role of talent identification coaches and facilities and equipment. Based on the  results, these strategies can be helpful for government officials in talent management of Handball: communication and interaction with education, management and program stability, media coverage, support for coaches and handball champions, credibility and appropriateness of talent tests and indicators and adequate budget and financial resources,

The study is to design a model for evaluating the performance of human resource management in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. In this research, the data theory method of the Systematic Approach Foundation was used. The statistical population was sports experts who were selected using purposive sampling method in order to achieving theoretical saturation. In this technique, an initial group was selected to interview and then the next groups were introduced to interview by the same group and sampling continued until the research reached theoretical saturation and adequacy- after 14 interviews, theoretical saturation was obtained. In this study, a semi-structured interview was used to collect data in the qualitative section. Finally, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used to analyze the data. Based on the findings, 85 open source and 21 code-centric were counted, which were classified into causal, contextual, intervening, strategic, consequences and central categories.  The results showed that the human resource management in the Ministry of Sports and Youth should be aware of the performance of their human resources and to identify their strengths and weaknesses.

The study is to investigate the the effects of the new 2019 coronavirus outbreak (Covid-19) on the sport for all in Iran. It was a descriptive and a kind of field study. The statistical population included all non-professional male and female athletes in Iran before the outbreak of Covid-19 disease. For data collection, the standard questionnaire of the International Group of Covid-19 and Sport Researchers was used. The reliability of this questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha method (R=0/87) and its validity was confirmed after reviewing by a number of experts in this field. The questionnaire was distributed by public sports committees electronically and online and 842 completed questionnaires were collected from all over the country in a stratified and cluster method and selected as a research sample. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, tables and graphs and inferential statistics such as Kendall rank test and Chi-square test. The results showed that 88% of indoor places and 64/9% of open places were currently closed and 34/3% of people had lost their jobs due to the prevalence of Covid-19.  The Corona test of 6/1% athletes were positive and 45% had not yet tested. Other results showed that there was a significant difference between the number of sessions and the intensity of training before the corona and during the corona, but there was no significant difference between the results of Covid-19 test and the degree of adherence to health laws and protocols. As a conclusion,it can be said that sports activities are strongly influenced and reduced by Covid-19.

The survey is to investigate the prevalence of the use of ergogenic drugs and suplements in Iranian sports clubs. The statistical population of this national survey was the organized athletes of the country in 2020 which 12020 athletes from 17 provinces of the country were selected by cluster sampling methoth, and by using online form, the questionnaire was disturbed to measure the prevalence of ergogenic substances among the more than 50 active sports disciplines in these provinces. After distributing and collecting the necessary information, the data get coded and imported in SPSS software. The results showed that 1859 athletes out of 12020 athletes participating in this survey (15/465% of the total participants in this survey) have consumed ergogenic substances. Among the ergogenic drugs used, the most common among Iranian athletes were weight loss drugs (3/560%), anabolic steroids (3/028%) and appetite suppressants (1/921%), respectively and among ergogenic supplements were the most common vitamin supplements (9/858%), protein supplements (9/367%) and creatine، respectively. Of course, this pattern was different between male and female athletes. Also, the results of stepwise multivariate regression analysis identified the most important variables affecting ergogenic consumption in Iranian athletes were seriousness in training and continuing training even in coronary conditions, having a suggestion of energy consumption, having friends or acquaintances consuming ergogenic substance, information regarding the use of energy products, gender, sport, age and trying to get accurate information about ergogenic substance which explains 55% of the variability of the score of ergogenic substance prevalence in Iranian athletes. Based on the information provided in this survey, it was found that about 15% of Iranian athletes use energetic substances, which was higher in male athletes, and of course, a significant percentage was used energetic substances among women. Some of these substances are of very dangerous and proven side effects and seriously threaten the health of Iranian athletes. Acoording the result of this research, politicians and related officials should formulate prevention and educational programs in each region of the country.

The study is to designe a structural equation modeling of toxic leadership and organizational trauma and organizational inertia considering the role of social loafing among the Ministry of Sport and Youth staff. This research is a kind of descriptive- correlation research and is done by Traversal- Field method through questionnaires which were collected. The statistical sample including 372 staff of Ministry of Sport and Youth of Islamic Republic of Iran were selected by Random Sampling. The measurement tools for gathering the data was Schmidt Toxic Leadership questionnaire (2008), Vee-van and Horman Organizational Trauma (2015), Hogard and et al Perceived Social Loafing (2010) and Steffi Haag Organizational Inertia (2014) that their reliability was approved respectively, α= 0/86, α= 0/94, α= 0/82 and α= 0/81 by Cronbach's alpha. The Data using Structural Equation Modeling were analyzed via Software PLS and SPSS. The results of the analysis of structural equation model showed that the model is good and acceptable. The highest path coefficient is related to the relationship between organizational trauma and organizational inertia (0/53=β، 10/53=T، 0/001=P), and the weakest is related to the relationship between toxic Leadership and social loafing. To reduce organizational inertia and social loafing in employees, it is necessary to reduce the toxic behaviors in the leaders and the organizational trauma in the staff. According to the results, it is concluded that some measures and mechanism are necessary in order to prevent the coming toxic leadership style virulent among the Ministry of Sport and Youth staff.

Olympic Games has been the most important sport event in the world and all of the countries try to get the best results from many years before the Olympic games with the long, medium and short term programs. For this reason, identifying the factors affected the success of athletes is very important. So the study is to investigate and prioritize sports factors affecting the success of athletes of Tehran province for the achievement of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. The statistical population was faculty members of physical education and sport sciences (especially sport management), senior managers of the National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the heads of sport federations and the heads of sports boards in Tehran province. The statistical sample continued to reach the theoretical saturation (n=29) for the interview. In the quantitative section, the final questionnaire was distributed among 25 experts. Weighting and prioritization of each factor were performed using Shannon entropy. The results showed that 98 sports indexes could influence the success of athletes of Tehran Province for the achievement of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. In this analysis, indexes were classified into 3 levels: macro, meso and micro levels. The macro level is related to the peripheral environment (community), the meso level to the sporting organizations (including the Federations and National Olympic Committee, the Directorate General for Sport and Youth, etc.) and the micro level to the athlete. The micro level is directly influenced by the success of athletes, and the middle level and the macro level indirectly. This model is an approach that identifies and determines the path of activity of sports officials in Tehran province for the success of athletes. Therefore, senior officials and sports officials should pay special attention to the indicators identified in this study and their priorities. So that by applying and implementing them, effective steps can be taken to achieve success in various international sports, including the Olympic quota and then in the Olympic Games. Athletes should also pay attention to micro-level indicators and try to use them and empower themselves to succeed in sports fields and ultimately the pride of the country.

The study is to develop a quantitative model of national empowerment for training programs of lifeguards. Explorative mixed method was used. The participants were from provincial committee, specialized committees of federation, 1st life-saving instructor and 1st grade national lifeguards. 90 participants were selected as the sample using available sampling method. The researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. The content-related validity was evaluated by 11 experts and its construct validity by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, partial least squares and smart PLS software. Based on the results, components including technology, equipment and job motivation are of the most impact on empowerment of lifeguard training programs with factor loads of 0/830, 0/774 and 0/721, respectively. On the other hand, monitoring and evaluation, growth and development and management are of the least impact on empowering lifeguards with factor loads of 0/315, 0/254 and 0/235, respectively. Given the importance of technology, job motivation, and equipment and facilities components, we can upgrade ICT infrastructure, provide rescue equipment and training and increase salaries as a basis for the advancement of the training programs for life-savers.

The study is to validate the questionnaire of affecting factors on people's tendency to sports activity in Parks. The statistical population consisted of users of Isfahan sport parks for sport activities. The sample size was 450 and the sampling method was clustering. The questionnaire was a researcher-made questionnaire and was taken from interviews with participants in park activities. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was measured by sport management experts, exploratory factor analysis for factor extraction, Cronbach's alpha tests for reliability of questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity in SPSS and AMOS software. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed 14 factors affecting the people's tendency to sports activity in Parks: sports institutionalization, sport training, need for sports equipment and places, the quality of sports places, quality and installation of sports equipment and devices, women's sports environments and places, development of sports facilities in the park, development of side facilities and amenities of the park, financing, general motivation, oral advertising, informing the public, mental and security. Confirmatory factor analysis results also showed that all questions were of appropriate and acceptable factor loading. The fitting indices of the confirmatory factor analysis model also confirmed the fit of the model. Given that the present questionnaire is validated among the citizens of the country, it is recommended that researchers in future research use the approved questionnaire of the present study to investigate the factors affecting people's tendency to sport activity in parks in different cities and provinces of the country.

The research is to design a benevolent marketing model for sports producers. So, the research was conducted by qualitative method and with the use of data-based theory. This sampling method was performed with 25 instructors of sports management, sports managers and expert marketers and to the extent of theoretical saturation. The analysis of interviews was performed in three stages of open coding, axial coding and focal coding in accordance with the research strategy. In order to confirm the accuracy of the concepts based on the criteria for assessing validity of Creswell and Miller (2000), the review of the research was conducted by the interviewed members and colleague in participatory manner. Also, the validity of the interview was confirmed. The results showed that the proposed model of the research consisted of 18 pivotal topics that was obtained by combining about 50 initial concepts. Accordingly, the benevolent marketing model for sports producers was formed as a pivotal topic based on causal conditions such as societal norms and the importance of the environment and through contextual conditions such as altruism and responsibility and was verified through confidence-building strategies and effective advertising. Also, it leaded to the realization of consequences of brand highlighting and change the buyer's attitude. Meanwhile, market conditions and market saturation also play a role as meddler conditions. After selective coding based on social, environmental, cultural-ethical and managerial factors, the results of this research introduce the benevolent marketing model. Generally, benevolent marketing was a good idea for sportswear producers that can be used as a strategy to promote sale or improve their brand image.

The study is to design a model for the structural equations of branding the Iranian sportswear industry. The research is applied in terms of descriptive-correlational nature. The statistical population was all managers and experts of sports production companies and specialists in the field of sports management and sports industry that the statistical sample was selected as available (181 people). A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data and the face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts (17 people). Its reliability was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0/89) and combined reliability. Structural equation modeling in PLS3-SPSS24 software has been used to analyze the data and check the model fit.The results showed that all significance coefficients are greater than 1/96 which confirms the significance of all questions and relationships between variables at the 95% confidence level. In general, according to the results of the research, it can be said that based on this model, it is possible to make an objective assessment of the level of management activities in each sports production company and provide scientific information on appropriate measures to be taken by organizations.

The study is to investigate the effect of fear of online theft of customer identity on the intention to buy sports products online. The statistical population consisted of all customers of online sports stores. In order to estimate the sample size, SPSS Sample Power determination software and Sample power were used. So, the sample size was estimated about 330 people. This research is descriptive and of the type of correlation studies based on structural equation modeling. To collect the data, three questionnaires related to personal information, a 12-item questionnaire on “fear of online identity theft” of Hill et al. (2015) and a 10-item online “shopping intention” questionnaire (2015) were used. The face and content validity of the research instrument was confirmed by a group of experts and its construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation model. The reliability of the questionnaires was also reported using Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0/82 and 0/85, respectively. To analyze the data, SPSS software, SPSS Sample Power and Amos samples were used. The results showed that as the fear of online identity theft increased, so did the intention to shop online. In general, it can be said that customers today not only expect appropriate and valuable services, but also demand honesty and benevolence. Therefore, with the optimal provision of such variables, it is likely that customers' intention to buy online will be positively encouraged. Based on the results, it is recommended that webmasters update their websites every six months to increase security.

Globalization has essentially turned the world into a competitive market. In this competitive world, the development of sports tourism is one of the important factors on the competitiveness of tourism destinations. The study is to analyze the competitiveness of sports tourism in Golestan province compared to other provinces of the country, especially Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. The method of the research was descriptive survey. The target population included professors in the field of sports and tourism management, officials and experts in the field of tourism and sports in Golestan province. The designed questionnaire, after confirming the reliability and validity, was distributed in person and in absentia among 200 experts in a targeted manner. The data analysis was performed by structural equation based on variance using Smart PLS software. The results showed that the variables of supporting factors and resources with a coefficient of determination of 0/546, resources and central attractions with a coefficient of determination of 0/511, tourism services with a coefficient of determination of 495, public infrastructure with a coefficient of determination of /0424 Policies with a coefficient of determination of 0/410 and management of tourism destinations with a coefficient of determination of 0/373, respectively are of the greatest impact on gaining a competitive advantage in Golestan province for the development of sports tourism.  Therefore, the development status and quality of sports tourism competitiveness indicators are not favorable due to the location of Golestan province in the north of the country and despite the capabilities and natural attractions of sports tourism. Lack of strategic and integrated plans, weak infrastructure, accommodation and hotels, advertising and marketing, have hindered the growth and prosperity of sports tourism in the region.