نشریه عقل و دین
پیاپی 26 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

One of the problems of modern human being is "Alienation". This cognitive disease includes all individual and social human pains. The solutions of Western thinkers have not been effective because of relying on the sense cognition and empirical experience and the weakness in cognitive resources. Ibn-Arabi believes that the only way to liberation is intuitive knowledge and entering the path of mystical conduct. From his point of view, using reason and sense instead of intuition limits human to material and tangible things and makes him neglect to pay attention to celestial kingdom (Malakout) and prevents the principle of conduct, which results in alienation of human from his true self. In the mysticism of Ibn-Arabi, such a person is called "Insan al-heywan". In this way, one should remove dark barriers and try to turn the darkness of the heart into light with austerities and sincere worship. Therefore, in this article, which was written with a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt was made to draw a movement line from "Insan al-heywan" to "Insan al-Kamil" which is the the resulf of freedom from alienation.

Nizam Ahsan (the best system) is one of the important philosophical and theological topics. Belief in God's knowledge, wisdom, power and justice necessitates the creation of “the best system”.  This research seeks to do a comparison and review of the views of Sadrul Matalhin Shirazi and Rene Descartes. It is about "Ahsan" system which deals with the answers to its problems in a descriptive and analytical way. The research has shown that Mulla Sadra believed in the existence of a perfect system and he has implemented issues like relation to  the God’s knowledge, will and satisfaction, the wisdom and finality of God's actions,  the inherent poverty of creatures and the fundamental nature of God, based on his principles such as the perfect system in methaphysics, nature and the whole world, in order to speculate the perfect system. Like Sadra, Descartes acknowledged the best system and has approved it in his explanations of things like the perfection of creation, the completing parts of the world, and the man as a part of the great world as well as the world’s being more complete despite the imperfections of some parts and also in the impossibility of  procession of perfect from the imperfect. These expalnations are similar to Sadra’s in terms of concept and content. Unlike Sadra, Descartes has explained no concrete application for the ultimate cause in “best” system.

Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to find the interaction between wisdom and religion based on the causality proven in the philosophy of Ibn Sina and Malebranche. These two philosophers, with a God-oriented view, sought for presenting a causality under which a divinity compatible with religion has been proven, illustrating a rational picture of the world that is compatible with religious principles. At the apex of Ibn Sina’s world, it is God who is the cause of the causes, and at the length, there are the second causes that play roles in a chain of causes and effects. Malebranche reduced the causal relations to a kind of sequence of phenomena. Occasionalism is a unipolar causality, on one side of which, there exists the omnipotent God as the real cause, and on the other side, there is an inanimate and ineffective matter. Malebranche attributed all the effects and impressions of the world to God. Malebranche’s God-oriented perspective and his direct attribution of man’s volitional action to God made him oriented toward determinism, opening the way for extreme empiricists such as Hume. Conversely, under the proof of abstracts, active intellect, and the Ten Intellects (longitudinal order), Ibn Sina recognized the free will of man and considered man’s will to be effective.

In general, feminism is a theory that seeks gender equality. During the three periods Feminism has gone through, it has undergone many changes and has seen various types such as liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, social feminism and post-modern feminism and also Islamic feminism. This article examines the issue of motherhood in radical feminism and then reviews its components based on the opinions of some contemporary Muslim scholars. Radical feminists deal strongly with issues such as marriage, reproduction, motherhood, and the family in general. They consider marriage equal to prostitution and consider motherhood as a big obstacle on the path of women, whose purpose is to suppress women. In the context of contemporary Islamic thought, thinkers such as Allameh Tabatabaei (RA), Shahid Motahari (RA) and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli and some others have had a different view on the issue of the family, especially the issue of motherhood. Their view is discussed. Despite the radical feminists who consider motherhood as an obstacle to women's happiness, Islam and Muslim sages generally consider motherhood as a bridge that can bring women to high spiritual positions. In other words, one of the ways to achieve the happiness of this world and the hereafter is through the relationship between a mother and her child. In this regard, the comparison of different opinions and views will lead us to a deeper and different understanding of the issue of motherhood and childbearing.

The article "God has revealed the book" written by Shabestari seeks to prove that Qur'an was revealed to prophet not to the public. To do so, the following three main questions are raised: what are the meanings of the "Book" in Qur'an? What are the meanings of the "revelation of the Book" in Qur'an? And to whom was the "Book" revealed? In the present study, Shabestari’s views are examined and criticized using Qur'an verses, narrations, and intellectual proofs. Some proofs, among others, which reject his views include: the verses on the gradual revelation of the Qur'an, Qur'an as the guidance for the public, Taḥaddī Verses (verses challenging deniers of the Prophet), verses addressing general public or the believers, as well as the narrations encouraging people to memorize and write the Qur'an and implying the revelation of the Qur'an to the public, not only to the Prophet (PBUH). The present descriptive-analytical study aims to respond to the doubts raised in Shabestari's article. Presenting an introduction, the paper includes three main parts, corresponding to three questions posed in Shabestari's study. The researchers show that all the opinions made in Shabestari's paper including the theory of the "Revelation lifeworld" are nothing but claims and that no intellectual or narrative evidence has been mentioned proving their authenticity or truth. One objective of the gradual revelation of the Book was to present the holy Sharia to people over time, while their religion was being completed. The study also seeks to show that Qur'an is the Book creating the Sharia and is the main source of Islam, which was revealed to present Sharia and the duties of the people to reach the eternal happiness.

Human being has two existential dimensions, body and soul. In other words, they are the physical and the metaphysical things. The soul is considered as the first perfection of the body. This is the perfection on which the humanity of the mankind depends on. That is, without the soul, man will be nothing but a lifeless inanimate object. Therefore, the most important aspect of human existence is his/her soul. Furthermore, the soul is related to the body and there is no doubt that the soul relates to the body. That relation of the soul is managing the body, not immanentistic. The soul is self-conscious and perceives its own existence in a self-evident way. The body is the carrier of the soul. As long as the soul needs the body, it manages the body and when the powers and talents of the soul are actualized, the soul abandons the body. Death means the beginning of a new movement towards another destination. What causes the life is not the cause of death; rather, what causes the death is the cause of life. After the worldly life, death comes. Worldly death is a precursor to life in Barzakh (i.e. purgatory life: the period between death and resurrection) and the death in Barzakh is a precursor to life in the hereafter. In all these stages, the soul is the managing master of the body, both the worldly body and the one in purgatory life; And according to Sadra's accurate explanation, it is the carrier of the body. In this study, a descriptive analytical method is employed in order to deal with the relationship between the soul and the body.

Synonymy is one of the fundamental issues in conceptual relationships, and reviewing the concept and evidence of its existence or non-existence plays an important role in the accurate understanding of religious propositions. A number of disagreements among thinkers arise from the difference in the definition of synonymy. The Holy Quran is the most important source for obtaining the concept of synonymy and the evidence of its non-existence. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the concept of synonymy and its evidence in the Quran using the content analysis method. The result of the research shows that Quran’s literary miracle, as well as its explicity and the absolute command to deliberation in the Quran are among the most important Quranic reasons for the principle of non-synonomy. Also, the belief in the principle of non-synonyms brings important religious and educational effects in the interpretation of single words of Quran as well as its compounds. In this research, according to the Qur'anic evidence, the scope of this principle has been expanded from nouns to incomplete combinations and complete syntactic combinations, and in this way, it has revealed the difference in meaning and the neglect of important messages by the commentators, and the role of such a principle in understanding knowledge has been explained, for example as an important method in the translation and interpretation of texts.

So far, several researches have been conducted separately on the subject of "intellect" in the field of epistemology and also on the subject of "behavior" in the field of ethics and education. The following article, with the focus on the words of Imam Ali (AS), has studied subject of "intellect and behavior" in the interdisciplinary approach. Undoubtedly, the Hadiths of Amir al-Mo'menin (AS) are considered as one of the important sources in Islamic researches and theories. In this article, an attempt has been made to present what and how intellect and behavior relate to each other, as well as the various dimensions and angles of it. The findings of this study indicate a two-way "evolution and decline". Based on many Hadiths, the behavior of the individual and society indicates the extent and level of development of their intellect and based on some other Hadiths, man, with his intellect, enters the three fields of cognitive behavior, behaviorism and behavior construction. This research has studied the mentioned issue in Imam Ali hadiths by descriptive-analytical method.

Despite the significant difference between the modern and traditional medicine, it is possible to find significant similarities between the two. The view of traditional and modern medicine on the problem of the immune system and its functions is the subject discussed in this article. Due to the macroscopic and wisdom-philosophical view of the human body, in traditional medicine the immune system (Tabiate modabbereh: measure nature) has an independent existence from a rational self, and its most important duty is to maintain the harmony of the body (health). The measure nature is the direct physician of the body that performs medicine under the Lordship of God. Since, in this view, disease does not have an independent existence, the fight against diseases, which is the second duty of resourceful nature, will be a subsidiary duty of maintaining health. But in modern medicine, the principle is the struggle for survivall, due to the microscopic view and the dominance of Darwinian thinking. The human body is always attacked by invaders and is a scene of constant war. Therefore, the disease has an external existence and the main duty of the immune system is to fight against the disease, and the duty of balancing the body will be a subsidiary of this duty. It seems that according to the substantiated evidence, the disease has a relative existence and its existence cannot be ignored. Based on this, describing the function of the measure nature of fighting diseases as the duty of maintaining balance can be criticized. On the other hand, referencing the function of the immune system in creating coordination and balance to fight against diseases in modern medicine is not defensible considering autoimmune diseases.