فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 47 (بهار 1402)

Smart cities are realized through complex processes in which actors and decision-makers make policy and implement it. Meanwhile, harmony is another goal for smart cities, as is creating balance and harmony within their complexities. To identify and analyze the smart city actors in Tehran and to assess their effectiveness, one of the methods of conducting this study was to apply actor-network theory to the smart city in Tehran to develop a normative framework for the realization of harmony. A mixed methodology has also been utilized in this research, in addition to the theoretical framework of the actor-network serving as a conceptual framework for analyzing the social relations and interactions among activists in the smart city in Tehran, which provides the framework for identifying the network's complexity. The first step, using questionnaires and interviews, was to identify the main actors, their goals and importance, and their connections with other actors in the network. Then, ucinet6 software was used to explore the correlation indicators of the actor-network in Tehran. In this regard, measuring indicators and criteria of actor-network connection, including Betweenness Centrality, Centrality Degree, Closeness Centrality, and Proximity Prestige, have been used to determine the effectiveness and importance of each of the actors. In addition, the translation of actor-network theory has been applied to the analysis of constant transformation to show changes resulting from present and past social and material conditions. Therefore, the paper enables urban planners and designers to propose solutions to the transformation of smart cities based on understanding reality as a set of network connections. Finally, by providing a model of effective solutions in the realization of the Harmonious smart city in Tehran, the position of each of these actors can be stabilized, promoted, or redefined by identifying three levels of actors based on their level of influence

The beginning of an unknown viral disease called Covid-19 in the Chinese city of Wuhan in January 2020 and its spread throughout the world in less than a few months has worried all countries and caused countless human and financial losses. The repetition of such an event in another form in the future may make the amount of damage higher and the control more complex, so cities need a new reproduction to increase resilience in cases similar to Covid-19. Therefore, the current research tries to analyze the factors affecting the post-corona reproduction of Zanjan city, as well as analyze the possible situations of the city in the future. For this purpose, 26 indicators in 4 dimensions, which were extracted based on field-library studies, were used in the Mic Mac software environment to check the location and performance of the indicators and to identify key factors. Scenario Wizard was used to extracting possible scenarios. Since the research was based on experts, the research sample of 20 people was selected by a targeted method (snowball). The research results have shown that the model of Zanjan city was vulnerable to the spread of the infectious disease Covid-19. Understanding the depth of the disaster will lead to the reproduction of cities in a favorable state so that out of 28 possible scenarios, the favorable scenarios have the highest frequency and realization coefficient.

The world population is rapidly aging and this rapid growth of the elderly population has become a global and social phenomenon. The problem of population aging in Iran is emerging due to various reasons such as the decrease in the number of births, advances in medical science, health, education and the increase in life expectancy, and it is considered a new phenomenon. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the levels of enjoyment of the 12 districts of Babol city in terms of the indicators of the elderly-friendly city and the ranking of the districts. The current research is in the field of survey research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of information gathering. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used, and for weighting, the fuzzy ANP network analysis method was used for the analysis of the criteria, and for the ranking of the regions, the fuzzy vaspass method was used. The findings indicate that among the global standards of the elderly-friendly city used in this research, the standard of public spaces and buildings with a weight of 0.2160 has won the first place. Honoring and sociability of the elderly with a weight of 0.151 has won the second place and participation of citizenship and employment with a weight of 0.147 has won the third place. Also, based on Waspas method, region 4 with a weight of 0.904 is ranked first and region five is ranked last with a weight of 0.733. Based on these results, it is suggested that the institutions in charge of the matter, municipality and welfare, with the support and participation of other government institutions in order to solve the social, physical and economic problems of the elderly, with coherent planning to use resources, equal opportunities in order for all people and the elderly to achieve Create urban spaces.

Reconstruction of climatic conditions, Holocene climate change, and its tracking mechanism in sedimentological and geomorphological evidence of lakes of different latitudes are among the topics of interest to researchers. This study aimed to investigate the climatic conditions and their impact on the lake area based on morphological evidence (terraces). This research has been done in Damghan Playa, located in Semnan province in the southeast of Damghan city, located in the northern half of the country. In this research, written and statistical data and sources have been used, sedimentation and morphological evidence using various scientific tools and methods, and finally have analyzed the issue comprehensively. After visiting the area for the first time, lake terraces were identified in the area. In the next step, the collected samples were subjected to laboratory analysis, and the lake environment was confirmed. Then, using remote sensing and mapping techniques based on the height of the recorded lake terraces, the lake area levels were determined, and finally, their boundaries were corrected according to other natural factors such as slope, Aspect, drainage pattern, and geological studies. The results show that there are two terrace levels in Damghan Playa, which in the southeastern part of the lake terrace hole are in height with the terraces on the southern slope of the Playa, and the reconstruction of their boundary shows the same garrison. Eventually, findings show that the first level of the lake with a depth of about 22-24 meters. Also, the lake terraces on the southwestern slope of Playa show a lake with a depth of about 14-15 meters in the Quaternary.

Segregation is a topic worthy of attention in most cities of the world; selective segregation causes a strong focus on poverty and the emergence of the lower classes, which can cause the spread of many problems in the city. Based on this, the present research has been conducted to analyze and rank the factors affecting concentration and segregation in Ardabil city, with an emphasis on economic criteria. This research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive, and analytical. In order to collect data, documentary and field methods have been exerted. Documentary data have been extracted from the report of Iran Statistics Center related to Ardabil city (2017). Also, in order to measure the average income, employment, wealth, and land price, the field method and questionnaire distribution have been exploited. The statistical population of the research consists of citizens of Ardabil city; 383 people were estimated as a sample based on Cochran's formula. In this research, Geo-Segregation software used segregation indices to measure segregation in Ardabil city. Finally, the indicators were ranked using the critical weighting method, and the regions using the EDAS technique. The results obtained from the Geo-Segregation software indicate that the life expectancy index is observed equally in the regions of Ardabil city. However, income and employment indicators are more difficult than other indicators. Also, District 3 of Ardabil, with the highest score, is in privileged status, and District 4, with the lowest score, is in deprived status compared to other regions. Such inequality distribution has caused the level of satisfaction of people from the residential neighborhood to social comparison. As a result, the feeling of deprivation and social inequality undergo fundamental changes, requiring more attention from management and urban planning

Many experts have considered culture from a social perspective and have paid attention to the study of vitality as a qualitative aspect in urban space of traditional neighborhoods and also the impact of peoples’ social culture themes in it. Today, urban spaces are devoid of human aspects, whereas urban construction is purely a physical and quantitative view, and there is no quality of liveliness in space caused by the social culture of the residents. The research method is quantity-qualitative. The required data were obtained by selecting 29 residents of the neighborhood using snowball method and by semi-structured interviews. The criterion of the existence of different spaces for social interactions between residents and in the index of identity and sharing of attachments, the criterion of sharing in social identity and the index of social cohesion, the criterion of cohesion and participation among residents and in the index of collective communication, the criterion of different rituals collective and in the index of quality of life, the criterion of trust and empathy, and in the index of lively society, the criterion of performing traditional customs in neighborhood spaces, and in the index of the spirit of collectivity, the criterion of performing joint activities have the highest influence in the discussion of vitality in the studied sample. The grounded model and theory have been in the inquiry of participants' perceptions of living conditions and use of urban spaces in Khajeh Khezr neighborhood and reflect what has happened in the study.

Injustice can increase the distance between people, businesses, and public services. In order to realize the concept of social justice, public services must be distributed in such a way as to facilitate the needs of socially disadvantaged communities. The current research has been carried out with the aim of leveling deprived and privileged areas from the point of view of the distribution of urban services and identifying the spatial pattern of distribution of public services at the level of urban areas of Jahrom. The research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The study's statistical population is the four districts of Jahrom city. The desired indicators are health-therapeutic, commercial, educational, urban facilities and equipment, green space, sports, tourism, and cultural-religious land uses. In order to investigate the distribution quantity situation in the four districts of the city, three models of TOPSIS, VIKOR, and COPRAS were exerted. Accordingly, Districts 1 and 2 ranked first with a score of 0.46, District 4 ranked second with a score of 0.41, and District 3 ranked third with a score of 0.36 regarding the distribution of urban services. In the second step, to check the quality of distribution, using Moran's I statistic, it was determined that the justice in the quality of distribution in Jahrom city is completely opposite to the justice in the quantity of distribution. Moreover, the areas with a density of services are placed next to each other in a cluster pattern. Finally, by analyzing the map of clusters and non-clusters at the city level, it was determined that public services in Jahrom follow the center-periphery model. In such a way that the clusters of public services are concentrated in the middle part, with the dominance of cold clusters (commercial, sports, tourism, and cultural-religious), and as we move from the center area to the periphery of the city, we see a decrease in the clusters of public services.

From the beginning of 2020, a new epidemic called Covid-19 affected urban spaces and creating a wave of changes in the physical, spatial and economic dimensions of the city; In a way, it changed from a medical phenomenon to a social and economic phenomenon, followed by the city and urbanization. On the other hand, during the years 2021-2020, the physical distance set by the relevant authorities as the first way to respond to the crisis and to prevent Covid-19 severely affected people's access to urban spaces. Thus, this pandemic encouraged and mobilized the breaking of habits and short-term innovations and quick solutions to urgent problems, so that the epidemic provided real opportunities for rethinking the urban space.  In the meantime, Iran and especially the metropolis of Tehran have not been immune from this crisis Due to the position of Tehran metropolis as the political-administrative capital and decision-making of the country was selected as a case study. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research method and in order to analyze the data and determine the main factors, exploratory factor analysis has been used. Therefore, conducting a study aimed at analyzing the effects of pandemic crisis (Covid-19) in redefining Urban spaces of Tehran in order to identify the factors and components affecting it and improve the ability to deal with pandemic crises in the field of urban spaces is doubly necessary. Results of exploratory factor analysis of 40 research propositions regarding the Analyzing the effects of pandemic crisis (Covid-19) on redefining urban spaces in terms of having a factor load equal to or greater than 0/6 (base criterion) in 3 main areas (redesigning, make smart, multipurpose) Were categorized. Therefore, according to the factor load, their placement in each factor and the relationship between propositions, 3 main factors, redesigning with 29 propositions (41/167% of the total variance), make smart with 7 propositions (15/192%) and multipurpose construction with 4 propositions (9/196%) were identified and identified as the main influential factors in redefining Urban spaces of Tehran.

The environmental, social, and economic crises resulting from modernization have revived the term human-oriented cities, focusing on the human scale and physiological, psychological, and spiritual characteristics of humans. The current applied research examined factors influencing the realization of a human-oriented city through the case study of Hamadan. The data were collected based on survey-documentary sources and using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical research population included experts and professionals in the area understudy, of whom 30 were selected. Accordingly, the effective indicators for realizing a human-oriented city were extracted using the existing documentary, library sources and experts’ opinions. The content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.9 determined the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, respectively. MICMAC and Scenario Wizard software programs were used to analyze data. According to the results, citizens' sense of security had the highest indirect effect on the realization of the human-oriented city in the urban spaces of Hamadan, with a total score of 170063. Other variables, including smart city infrastructures (158216), urban security (157027), and flexibility of urban development plans (156537), had the highest indirect impact factor on other variables. Concerning the highest direct impact on the improvement and development of the human-oriented city in Hamadan, citizens' sense of security (422), the flexibility of urban development plans (388), and urban security (388) ranked first to third, respectively. According to the Scenario Wizard, the scenario of desirable conditions was the most likely for the realization of a human-oriented city for Hamadan

Increased use of cars in cities has led to traffic and problems in the urban road network and environmental and air pollution, and this issue has increased the desire of people in the community to use bicycles. The objective of this study was to explore and describe the encouraging and discouraging reasons behind the use of bikes among cyclists, together with the reasons behind their journeys and the relationship of these elements with their crash history. This research is an experimental description and field and library methods and questionnaire, interview and observation tools have been used to collect information. This research was conducted by conducting an electronic survey on the reasons and motivations for cycling among 405 of the Gonbad cyclists. The results show that physical health and fitness, Reduce shipping costs, and Reduce the cost of preparation, maintenance and were the most frequent factors which encouraged cycling. On the other hand, Lack of security (possibility of theft), Less cyclist safety than other means of transportation and Lack of cycling culture were found to be the most relevant discouraging factors. The results also showed that there is a significant gender gap among cyclists and most participants, especially women, mentioned the existing cultural restrictions as an important and effective factor in not wanting to ride a bike. In addition, participants who cited independence and freedom, time savings, recreation, and entertainment as their main motivators, as well as those whose main disincentives were weather conditions, lack of cycling culture. And they expressed safety, they are more likely to suffer from cycling accidents. Due to the fact that cycling is generally done for fun and entertainment and with a short travel time, there is a need to develop cycling with practical purposes. Also, in order to enhance the engagement of the population in this mode of transportation