نشریه مطالعات فضا و مکان
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1401)

Urban squares are valuable parts of urban heritage. There has always been a center called the square linked to the government's fate, the people, and the history of that land in every country. In this regard, the analysis of various components affecting the emergence of urban squares as a public space in Islamic countries is a topic that is addressed in this study. The critical role of squares in cities' structure highlights the importance of recognizing the stages of their development and evolution to properly understand Islamic countries' urban structure and generalize its results. Therefore, With the aim of profoundly understanding the importance of the square in Islamic cities' structure, This study seeks to answer how squares have become the beating heart of Islamic cities after their emergence and spatial-physical changes? Using the descriptive-analytical research method, Martyrs' Square in Beirut, Marjah Square in Damascus, and Taksim Square in Istanbul have been studied. Based on research, it can be concluded that Urban squares, as a new form of public space, were formed in Islamic countries in the late 19th century in response to the growth of the urban population and the political stability and economic power of the ruling government. These squares were initially located outside the old city walls, and overtime and the city's physical development, they have played an essential role in the urban structure. Finally, by providing the necessary spatial and physical context for social events' support and occurrence, they have civil and memorial meanings.

Abstract As a dominant approach in the literature on urban design, walkable urban spaces are of great importance. So, the concept of "bridge as a social space" which has a valuable place, especially in Iran, can be redefined and used in the development of today's spaces. Social bridges have many benefits that can be effective at different levels from the neighborhood to the world in addition to their walkability because they have great potential for creative design and can be used to fulfill goals such as establishing social interactions, creating collective memories, creating identity, and dynamic functioning for cities. This qualitative study was conducted to identify the factors that make urban bridges successful social spaces. For this purpose, after reviewing the theoretical foundations and world experiences, two bridges of Tehran, where urban life flows, were examined. The visitors to these spaces were randomly selected and interviewed in-depth concerning the qualities of the space. The interviews were continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The collected data were then analyzed by content analysis. The results indicated that the criteria for the qualities of social bridges are based on functional and perceptual components.Keywords: urban design qualities, social bridges, walkable bridges, walkability, Pedestrian promenade.

Using traditional houses as schools of architecture is based on sustainable multi-dimensional concepts. Reusing these houses can affect the quality of life of the people living in historical textures as well as the experiences of the users of those spaces. Appropriate learning environments can leave positive effects on the education of the students of architecture.However, these beneficiaries have not been considered in the related processes and the effects of their needs on different aspects of changing the use class of these houses have not been evaluated. Therefore, in the present study, the effective criteria in reusing traditional houses as schools of architecture were evaluated from the viewpoints of the people living in the historical texture and the students of architecture so as to determine the effects of these criteria on the education of the students and the quality of life of the local residents.The traditional houses located in Uch-Dokan Neighborhood were propounded by the experts for these purposes.The houses in this neighborhood were investigated using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.A questionnaire validated by Cronbach’s α was used to evaluate operational research patterns. Also, considering the normal distribution of the main variables, both descriptive and inferential statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to determine the relationship between the purposes of the beneficiaries and the variables of the study from the viewpoints of the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University and the residents of Uch-Dokan Neighborhood. The results indicated that from the viewpoints of the students, attending to perceptual dimensions (aesthetics, belonging...) was the most effective factor on their education when using the traditional houses as schools of architecture. From the viewpoints of the residents, functional dimensions (social and cultural activities..) were found to have the highest correlation with their quality of life and vitality in the environment.

During different historical eras, political, social and religious developments have appeared in the best way in art and architecture in such a way that the architectural works of each era show the dominant beliefs and thoughts of that society; Ilkhani society has also been dominated by mystical and Sufism ideas. In this period, mystical teachings were spread in all parts of society, especially architecture and architectural decorations; So that these influences are evident in most of the buildings of this period. The subject of this article is to investigate the influence of mystical ideas on the architectural decorations of the Ilkhanid period and the decorations of Varamin Jame Mosque, as one of the important buildings of this period. In other words, this research examines the manifestation of mysticism in the architectural works and decorations of the Ilkhanid period. The research method of the article is the review and interpretive-historical analyzes of texts and architectural works of the Ilkhanid period. From the findings of the research, this hypothesis is proposed that Sufism and mystical thoughts have influenced the government and patriarchal architects and these influences are visible in the architectural decorations of the buildings of this period, especially in the decorations of mosques. All three types of decorations (geometric, plant and inscription) have been used in Varamin Grand Mosque, and these designs are mainly geometric or inscription. However, there are plant motifs in the building, although few. These inscriptions have religious or historical themes that historical inscriptions are used for how and when they started. Also, the symbolic concepts of numbers and shapes are abundantly used in the geometric designs, which have the largest amount of decorations and are used in a very effective style, which refer to mystical themes.

This study has made an effort to introduce "other space" and "non-place" in philosophy, psychology and architecture and concentrate on relationship between both. The theoretical framework of essay is designing architecture theory base on philosophical concept which is related to the non-place philosophy. The research methods in this study are analytic and descriptive combination of qualitative (from case study to theory) and quantitative (from theory to case study) research. Concept of "other" in psychology is derived from Jacques Lacan 's theories between "subject and object" based on Hegel 's Dialectic (thesis, antithesis and synthesis.This concept already has determined in Hegel's spirit phenomenology by Alexandre Kojeve.Michael Foucault's theory of "otherness" is so similar to Derrida's theory of " difference". Foucault called some place in the city, heterotopias such as nursing home, swimming pool, prison, cemetery and graveyard, madhouse, whorehouse, public bath, ship and so on.That is clear which place and non-place are on Hegel's Dialectic form. This study tries to introduce the spaces of "Non-place" which Edward Suja, Fredric Jameson and Mark Auge are spectroscopy its founders.Place has some identity and specific factors for recognizing, but non-place doesn't have any identity and specific factors. Place is in the transporting world, but non-place is in the prison of machinism. In the place we have some memorial event and the figure of the city is individual and unforgettable but in non-place we never have any memorial event and the figure of the city is not individual and specific. Non-place city are generic city which we burn on clinic and die on hospital. Architectural and urbanism spaces have influenced in all part of our life and there are some great relationship between philosophy, psychology, art and other science with architecture and urbanism.The conclusion of the study is that "other space" and "non- place" has some complex relationship with each other and the "non-places" is going to surround and enclose the world of metropolitans and at the other side those city with this manner never have diversity, variety and mind memorials.

In the seventeenth century, Descartes turned attentions from objectivity to subjectivity. Modern architecture is usually tied to the concept of abstraction, and less can be learned from semantics and signage in modern forms than in previous eras. The language that may ultimately create a culture for designing moods based on culture with more claims to a sense of the world is poetic or literary language, the basic unit of which is metaphor. The architect, by adopting strategies that use metaphorical language, begins to design places related to culture. In architecture, the subject is not just a building, but the meaningful event that exists, life itself. The language with which architecture can make the living space meaningful is poetic language. Take advantage of metaphor is the best way to express poetry poetically in architectural design. The research method is analytical, descriptive and qualitative; The main question of the research is: "Can we get rid of modern architectural crises with poetic language and metaphorical element?". In order to answer this question, the sounds of architecture, the voice of the architect and the use of metaphor in architecture were examined. Then, with the help of sorting the types of metaphors in architecture in three forms: tangible, intangible and combined, the examples of contemporary architecture were examined. The result of this research shows that the way out of the modern architectural crisis that has been faced in the last fifty years is to engage hermeneutics and pay attention to poetic language in architecture. Architects use metaphor as a strategy towards creativity; Because in the modern period the focus was on the scientific and mathematical approach, few people paid attention to the poetic concepts of the works; However, by examining some works, a poetic approach was observed and it was shown that architects use metaphors in different ways and use different interpretations to turn them into visual images. In fact, the metaphorical nature of the architectural form extends to the contemporary period, and what is omitted due to abstraction is the tangible expression of metaphor.

Educational spaces are one of the areas of environmental architecture that play a major role in a society. Class room environmental is similar to the theater scene, which shuld be designed from a private perspective by displaying student s' talents and improving their learning. The importance of the issue is that the type of seat arrangement can have a tangible impact on the quality of instruction. The theoretical foundations are based on the fact that students' attention can play an important role on learning. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between chairs arrangement in classes and their positive impact on learning with its approaches and consequences. the correlation research method, course analysis, descriptive statistics analysis and Frequency ratio were used to examine the effect of layout. The tested groups are 64 students of Hadaf school in Miandoab in three levels. At the end of the half - year, the results of the tests and data analysis was done by Spss Software. Therefore, to enhance students ' learning , three types of layouts such as alignment for the courses (Arabic, mathematics, literature), Cluster for (Science, Technology, Art) and U-shaped for (Social Studies, Foreign Language, Heavenly Messages, Lifestyle, Quran) is concluded.