فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

This research was conducted with the aim of developing an environmentally sustainable development model for sports events in Iran using a systematic approach to the Grounded theory. In order to carry out this qualitative research, from the research community that included the key players in sport and the environment, through in-purpose sampling, a deep interview was carried out with 18 experts from the sport and environmental management of the country. In the research method, by coding the open, pivotal and selective set of codes and concepts, the categories and links between these categories were obtained in the final theory. The findings of the study, called the causative conditions, include environmental authenticity and existing environmental status, the requirements and interaction of sport and the environment, the nature of the development of sports events, The underlying factors include the green infrastructure and the host environment, the requirements and sport system, the governing body, the share of sport in development of the country, the cultural and organizational attachment, the management plan Finally, interventional factors include the nature of the event and the environment, environmental and financial factors, internal and external resources, oversight, lobbying, and the structure of the sport industry And with the presentation of the strategies and outcomes, the final theory was developed. By studying the results and benefiting from the developed theory, it is possible to take more effective steps through strategic planning for sustainable environmental development of sport events and ultimately for sustainable development of the sport industry

The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide. According to research, there is a significant relationship between obesity and depression. Because depressive disorders, hypothyroidism, obesity, and lipid profile disorders are all caused by poor physical activity and poor eating habits, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of vitamin D3 and aerobic exercise on lipid profile, TSH and Depression in obese women. The subjects of the study included 384 obese women (BMI≥30) were selected by simple random sampling method and were divided into four groups of aerobic activity, D3 supplementation group, D3 supplemental aerobic activity group and control group. Serum levels of TSH, LDL, HDL, TG and TC were measured by ELISA. Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess depression before and after the interventions and SPSS program was used to analyze the data. The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and vitamin D3 consumption had a significant effect on serum LDL, HDL, TC, TG and TSH levels and depression. There was a significant difference between LDL, HDL, TC, TG and TSH in the supplement and exercise groups (p≤0.05 In general, it can be concluded that eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with vitamin D3 improves lipid profile, TSH changes and depression in obese women.

The purpose of this study was to design a paradigm model of professional development of Iranian Premier League clubs based on the use of sports marketing. The research method is exploratory and has a qualitative nature that has been used with the strategy of data-based theory. The research population included professors of sports management, CEOs and marketers of Iranian Premier League football clubs, members of the marketing committee of the Football Federation. Purposeful method was used for sampling. Open-ended interviews were used to collect data. Data from 17 interviews (theoretically saturated from 15 onwards) were analyzed. Data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. To confirm the reliability, the method of retesting and re-coding was used by other researchers. Three interviews were coded as a sample and finally the reliability of 85% was obtained. The results showed that in the open coding process, a total of 233 non-duplicate initial codes were generated. These codes were divided into 20 concepts based on thematic similarity. Then, these concepts were placed in the form of a paradigm model of the category. These concepts include: causal conditions (basic requirements, professional requirements, and organizational requirements); Background conditions (football sports capabilities, infrastructure capabilities, strategic capabilities and operational capabilities); Interfering factors (government-managerial barriers, political-economic barriers and socio-cultural barriers); Strategies (customer relationship management, human resource management, brand management, sports marketing mix management, international management and legal management) and consequences (fundamental development, structural development, environmental development and economic development). Using the mentioned strategies, it will be possible to achieve the development of the desired profession of the club. Given the role and importance of football in society and the popularity of this sport, it can be said that clubs can increase their marketing power by taking advantage of the capabilities of this sport. Creating the necessary infrastructure for football and having long-term strategies for the development and improvement of the club and marketing, and finally creating an operation in line with the strategy can be of great help to the management of football professions and clubs.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disorder that damage brain areas for the consolidation of memory and other cognitive areas. Donepezil is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor widely used to cure Alzheimer’s disease. Among the side effects of this drug are nausea, muscle cramps, and a reduction in patients’ balance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an 8-week resistance exercise on the balance of rats with Alzheimer’s disease during the treatment with Donepezil. In this study, 60 adult male rats with an average weight of 230-280 g were selected and then divided into two main groups: interventional group (those with Alzheimer’s disease) and control group (those without Alzheimer’s). In this regard, the control group received saline, while interventional group was intentionally pushed to catch Alzheimer’s disease as STZ was injected into their body. The rats were divided into six subgroups as follows: 1)control-resting; 2)control-exercise; 3)Alzheimer-resting; 4)Alzheimer-exercise; 5)Alzheimer-Donepezil; and 6)Alzheimer-Donepezil-exercise. Donepezil was orally taken at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg per day. The exercise included lifting weights throughout a ladder. The rats were placed on a Rotarod. device 24 h after the last session of resistant exercises, and the time of their activity on the rotarod was recorded. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test was used to compare groups at a significance level of p <0.05. Based on the results, an 8-week consumption of Donepezil exerted a significant negative effect on the balance of rats with Alzheimer’s (p≤0.05), whereas an 8-week resistant exercise had a significant positive effect on the balance of rats with Alzheimer’s (p≤0.05). Resistant exercise seems to enhance the balance of rats with Alzheimer’s under the Donepezil treatment, which can be explained by the strengthening of rats’ muscles, neurogenesis, and increased number of neurotrophic factors related to survival, differentiation, and change of neuron synapses And this type of exercise can be recommended to reduce the side effects associated with decreased balance in Alzheimer's patients while taking Donepezil.

In this study, a model for the development of women's sports businesses in West Azerbaijan province was designed. Research community of sports management professors and experts in the field of marketing and sports business, experts in the field of women's sports business, managers and experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth and sports departments, officials of the marketing committee of provincial sports clubs and women active in the field There were sports businesses in the province, among which sampling by snowball method continued until theoretical saturation and with 17 people saturation was achieved. In the present study, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. To achieve the validity of the research, a combination of criteria of continuous and long-term involvement of researchers, continuous observation, peer review, progressive mentality, participation of participants and the use of multiple information sources were considered by researchers. Also, in order to evaluate the reliability of the research, the method of agreement between the two coders and the researcher coding in a specific time interval was used. The results showed that social factors, belief factors and economic factors as causal factors, managerial factors, facilities and equipment, knowledge and cultural factors as background conditions, financial issues, social issues, cultural issues, motivational factors and deterrents as Interventional conditions were identified. Also, cultural, managerial and economic strategies were identified as strategic factors and increase vitality, increase health, economic development and social development as outcomes.

AbstractThe aim of this study was to test the Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) method to identify doping in professional male bodybuilders who had used nandrolone, testosterone and dexamethasone.In this quasi-experimental study, 36 bodybuilder men aged from 20 to 35 years old who had at least three years of professional exercise experience were selected and divided in ergogenic substance users and the control groups. After a one-month period of testosterone, nandrolone and dexamethasone injection, their blood samples were tracked and analyzed in the laboratory using the Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy method with very high accuracy. Independent T-test was used to compare the ergogenic substances levels among training and control groups. Also Raman Spectra were analyzed by using origin pro 2018 software. Results showed that by using SERS analysis the substances had a significant increase in comparison to the recorded spectrum as the initial improved normal Raman spectrum. Raman spectrum statistically increased the intensity of Raman peaks at the level of (P<0.05). Testosterone, nandrolone and dexamethasone ergogenic substances were identified in details in the blood of male bodybuilders using fine-grained Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy method.According to the results, Raman spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic method which detects details and molecules of small materials with a very high accuracy. Along with other methods of identifying materials, the usage of Raman spectroscopy has got great importance and benefits and it is suggested that to identify doping, this method can be used as a method of doping testing in domestic competitions to save costs and time.

The purpose of this study was to design a productivity model based on organizational citizenship behavior and organizational productivity of employees of sports and youth departments of East Azerbaijan province.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of this study was all employees of sports and youth departments of East Azerbaijan province in 2019 in 320 people that the sample size was determined through Morgan and Krejcie table 176 people who were selected by simple random sampling method. The research instruments included the standard questionnaires of organizational citizenship behavior of Oregon and Kanowski (2007), Sharifi organizational productivity (2012) and the standard questionnaire of manpower productivity of Welba and Johnson (2010), whose validity was confirmed by content validity and reliability by alpha method. Cronbach was 0.88. To analyze the data, two sections of descriptive statistics in Spss25 software and inferential statistics for structural equation modeling in Smart PLS3 software were used.

The fit indices of the model showed that the model had a good level of fit and the overall quality of the model (GOF) was 0.441. The results showed that organizational citizenship behavior had a positive and significant effect on employee productivity. Organizational productivity also had a positive and significant effect on employee productivity (P <0.01).

According to the results, organizational productivity and organizational citizenship behavior had an effect on employee productivity, and therefore, the Ministry of Sports and Youth should improve productivity by holding courses to empower employees' behavior and organizational behavior.

Atherosclerosis is a mechanism of cardiovascular disease which characterized by endothelial dysfunction related with flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The purpose of this study was investigation of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on plasma levels of vaspin, nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and relation with FMD in T2D. 48 patients with T2D were randomly assigned to three groups: HIIT (n= 16), MICT (n= 16) and control (n=16). The HIIT group intervention was 12 intervals at 85-90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 2 min at 55-60% HRmax. The MICT group intervention was performed on ergometer cycle for 42 min of exercise at 70% HRmax for 3 sessions per week during 12. The blood sample was collected 48-h before and 48-h after last sessions of exercise training. The vaspin was measured by ELISA, and NOx messured by Griess assay. FMD was assessed by ultrasound in baseline and follow-up 12- weeks of intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed- liner ANOVA with SPPS version 18. The results showed that plasma levels of vaspin and NOx and FMD percent after 12-weeks intervention (HIIT and MICT) were significantly increased compared to control group. There is no significantly different between HIIT and MICT in plasma levels of vaspin. While, there are significantly increased in plasma levels of NOx and FMD percent between HIIT and MICT (P< 0.05). Additionally, result indicated that there is a positive correlation with vaspin and NOx with FMD in HIIT group (P= 0.001) and vaspin (p=0.037) and NOx (P=0.026) in MICT group (P= 0.037). It seems that intensity via increase of vaspin and NOx plasma levels led to improves of FMD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The present research is looking for the marketing outsourcing model in Iran’s football clubs. The current research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative selection. The statistical population was selected according to the purpose and framework of the research for two quantitative and qualitative phases. Number of 20 interviews until reaching to theoretical saturation.in the quantitative part, the statistical population includes professors and sport activists, and the statistical sample based on the sufficient number for modeling in PLS software was 400 people.in the qualitative phase, the exploratory interview tool was used, and in the quantitative part, Delphi techniques were used to identify and confirm the factors, as well as, the questionnaire extracted from the qualitative and fuzzy Delphi phase the statistical method and data analysis was used in the qualitative part of the research using the method or content analysis in the form of coding in quantitative part Coronbach Alpha method ,as well as, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to confirm the structure of the research al inferential statistical test are done in (SPSS 24) software and smart PLS software is used for structural modeling and measurement of multiple relationships between variables.in the qualitative and after coding the interweaves we found 94 effective components on marketing outsourcing exploratory factor analysis that identified 71 indicators in 13 categories ,technical and structural factor, managerial factor ,club culture, political and legal infrastructure, monitoring and evaluation, cost management ,sport industry ,pricing ,incentives ,football potential, sport success and market power. Finally, the result of the path analysis also showed that all factors of football marketing outsourcing have relationship and impact. In general, football outsourcing will not solve the existing problems in any way if it is not done in the right conditions and with effective and correct tools and methods. Therefore, it is suggested sports club managers provide the presence of marketing contractors in the club by creating technical and structural infrastructure and paying attention to the culture of the club and check their performance by timely monitoring and evaluation so that the clubs get the necessary financial resources and thus make the clubs successful.

The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks endurance training with crocin consumption on MAP-Tau and NFG gene expression in rats treated with trimethytin (TMT) as a model of Alzheimer’s disease. In this experiment, forty mature Sprague-dawley male rats were subjected to Alzheimer’s disease through intraperitoneally injection of 8 mg/kg Trimethytin (TMT) and then were divided into 1) Alzheimer-infected control group, 2) endurance training, 3) endurance training + crocin, 4) crocin, and 5) sham to study the impact of the disease on the variables. Eight healthy rats were assigned to the control group. The rats in the second and the third groups ran on a rat treadmill with the speed of 15 to 20 meters per minute for 15 to 30 minutes in each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The rats in the third and the fourth groups received daily IP injections of 25 mg/kg body weight of crocin for 8 weeks. MAP-Tau and NFG gene expression in hippocampi were measured through Real-time PCR. To analyze the results of the tests, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and two-way ANOVA were run using SPSS-22.The results indicated that TMT injection increases the MAP-Tau gene expression in the Alzheimer-infected control group compare to the healthy control group (P=0.001). After eight weeks intervention, MAP-Tau gene expression was decreased in endurance training (P=0.03), endurance training + crocin (P=0.02) and crocin groups (P=0.001) and the decrease of MAP-Tau gene expression was greater in the training + crocin group. Results also demonstrated that NGF gene expression was increased in endurance training (P=0.02), endurance training + crocin (P=0.03) and crocin (P=0.01) groups and the increase of NGF gene expression was greater in the saffron intake group.Generally, it seems that endurance training improves Alzheimer’s disease in rats and crocin consumption enhances these effects.

Given to the significance of identifying the dimentions of strategic thinking that is specific to sport setting, the aim of this study was to identifying the elements of strategic thinking in sport federations. This research was a qualitative exploratory study through a thematic analysis. The statistical population included experts of sports management with the experience of familiarity with the principles of futurology, and according to the research nature, 16 experts were interviewed through snowball sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. The tool used in the research was a semi-structured interview. The intra-subject agreement method was used to ensure the reliability of the interviews, and the validity was confirmed by consulting sport management experts and reviewing based on their opinions. The thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method led to the extraction of 147 codes, 13 sub-themes and five main themes. The findings demonstrated that "transformationism", "surveillance", "fluidity of mind", "intelligence", and "political thinking" were different elements of strategic thinking in sport federations. Paying attention to the findings of the research shows that the elements of strategic thinking in sports federations are different from other existing models of strategic thinking that are mainly presented in non-sports fields, because of the specific atmosphere governing sports. This difference can be due to the different nature of sports compared to other non-sports fields in the literature.

The effects of exercise and sirtuin1 on inflammatory markers may be a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of 8 weeks of combined training along with supplemental consumption of Mulberry Leaf Extract on serum sirtuin1 levels and insulin resistance index in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. In this semi-experimental clinical study 40 elderly men with diabetes (age: 67.07 ± 1.50) were randomly divided into five groups: control, placebo, extract, training, and extract + training. Aerobic training (10 to 30 minutes with an intensity of 50 to 70% of maximum heart rate) and resistance training (30 to 40 minutes, 8 to 12 repetitions per movement, between 40 to 80% of a maximum repetition) were performed. Mulberry Leaf Extract was prescribed to the subjects in three doses (each dose, 2 capsules of 500 grams). The variables were measured 48 hours before and after the test. The training, extract, and training +extract groups, a significant decrease in insulin resistance index and a significant increase in sirtuin1 level were observed (P<0.05). results between the groups showed a significant difference in the index of insulin resistance (P=0.001, F=60.70) and sirtuin1 (P=0.001, F=15.38), and these changes in the extract + training group compared to training and extract groups are larger (P<0.05). It seems that prescribing a combined training along with the consumption of Mulberry Leaf Extract the elderly with type 2 diabetes can have the greatest effect in improving insulin resistance and sirtuin1 in the elderly with diabetes.