نشریه پژوهش های معناشناختی متون ادبی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1402)

The abstract concepts and experiences in the mystical understanding and cognition field has led the rhetorician mystics to seek help from the concrete and objective concepts of "words" to understand and express the intangible world of "present". This skill of the rhetorician mystics can be proposed and investigated in the framework of the theory of conceptual metaphor. According to what is proposed in this theory, metaphor is not just a lingual method for creating beauty, but a method for thinking and understanding the universe. The present study will examine the ontological metaphors, one of the conceptual metaphors, with the origin of water domain (such as sea, water, rain, and...), in framework of conceptual metaphor in Masnavi Manavi, and to answer the question that: in the Masnavi, the origin of water domain and its related words are used to express which areas of the destination? To answer this question, the authors have first investigated the text in question and extracted the evidence related to the present study, and then analyzed the research data in a descriptive-analytical method. The result of the research shows that Maulavi has presented many and varied abstractions such as the mercy, soul, intellect, and heart and sometimes by using words related to water has tried to explain the different attitudes and perceptions of these abstract matters.

Arabic language, like all other languages, has many features, including textual texture or harmony, which plays an important role in creating different structures and meanings according to different conditions. One of the linguistic sciences that helps reveal meaning is semantics, which is defined as the scientific study of meaning. There are many semantic fields in semantics, including what is called "collocation", which is the association between two words or words in a permanent or fixed manner according to different contexts, or what is called the tendency of certain words to be associated with something. Is known. The aim of this research is to classify, examine and analyze "Atfei collocations " in the "Basic Arabic Dictionary" issued by the Organization of Arabic Education, Culture and Science, according to the grammatical structure and based on the descriptive-analytical approach. There is no doubt that verbal combinations in the Arabic language have a prominent position and great variety. Therefore, the researcher was interested in collecting and studying them in a descriptive-semantic study. Because the use of semantics in the study of language topics, including verbal combinations or structures and common expressions that are used frequently, facilitates the process of language education; For this, after collecting the syndromes, according to the semantic relations between the syndromes and their implicit concepts, they were grammatically categorized. .On the one hand, the study of similarities plays a fundamental and important role in the teaching of the contemporary Arabic language and on the other hand in finding a close connection between the contemporary and ancient Arabic language and the Arabic-Islamic heritage

Viktor Frankl, an Austrian doctor, founded the theory of "meaning of life" or "logotherapy" after the terrible experience of concentration camps and crematoriums. In this school, he addressed the "nature and value of life", "the issue of death" and "also the attitude of man" between these two great events, which are among the preoccupations of man in the contemporary world. This psychologist had a different view on topics such as spirituality, love, suffering, pleasure and death, and considered them among the factors of human dynamism and purposefulness.He saw life without meaning as subject to exhaustion and boredom. Frankl believed that the free choice and self-transcendence of man makes it easy to endure suffering. By taking advantage of the Iranian-Islamic identity, the poets of Iran have created the purest intellectual-behavioral teachings. Attar, as one of the most influential poets in romantic mysticism, considers the hardships of love and the impatience of love as one of the ways to transcendence, and patience in the face of a lover's harshness and the suffering and pain of love is a way for goodness. Living and giving meaning to life introduces.This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and in a library style, aims to narrate and examine the indicators of the meaning of life, relying on romantic patience, in Al-Tir Attar logic. The findings of the research show that if the lover considers the pain and suffering of love in line with a holy goal, he has taken a step in his transcendence.

Semantics is a science that philosophers, linguists and rhetoricians have been interested in since ancient times under the title of the relationship of the word and the meaning, and they dealt with it in their research dispersed, and it was not for them as an independent science. However, the modernists gave it a new identity called “the science of semantics”, and according to the definitions presented by the modern linguists, it is a branch of linguistics, and a science to study the meaning, and it is used to reveal the meanings in vocabulary and sentences in different ways.And since the Qur’anic verses, their topics, and their miracles need to be interpreted, the hadith scholars must use semantics to reveal their secrets. Semantics needs many things, including metaphor; Because metaphor is one of the ways of expressing the meaning and it causes finding the meaning of the meaning in the sentence, and to reveal the meaning of the meaning we need semantics, which studies the meaning from its different perspectives.This research has studied the original metaphors found in the last five parts on the basis of semantics, and through the research it appeared to us that the original declarative metaphors in the verses that we have studied indicate proof, and the Almighty used the metaphors in these parts at all to express the issues of the Hereafter Mostly, since God Almighty uses everything in the Qur’an to express special purposes with its subtleties and subtleties in meaning and pronunciation, metaphor cannot be used for decoration only. And to borrow something for another without considering its original meaning in its material, but between the word and the meaning a delicate and gentle connection revealed by good taste.

Highlighting is a concept that was formed before World War II in the Prague school under the influence of Russian formalists, and they called it one of the factors that created literary language. This theory expresses the unconventional use of language tricks, in order to remove the dust of habit from the minds of the audience and make linguistic elements and functions appear fresh and new. Highlighting deviations from standard language; When a linguistic element is used contrary to the usual and attracts the attention of the audience. Nahj-ul-Balagha is, without a doubt, after the Holy Qur'an, the most precious Islamic heritage and reference, a charter of human development, a window to divine light and a path to the Kingdom of God. Therefore, this article tries to examine the text of Nahj al-Balagha from the point of view of highlighting and show the extent to which the Amir of the Faithful, Ali (A.S.) benefited from language possibilities and techniques of creating beauty. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and aims to show examples of semantic norm avoidance in some enlightening passages of this noble book in order to adapt the theory of formalists to the language of Nahj al-Balagha and finally to reflect the effect of this in the discovery The meaning of Maqsood and the acquisition of pleasure should be observed more. Among the types of semantic deviation, simile has the most cases; So that this is found in most of the sayings of Imam (a.s.). Irony, metaphor and permission are in the next ranks.

 Narration focalization is one of the discussions of narrative theories that are very much considered in fiction and in the analysis of the abilities and techniques that the authors uses to form their own narratives. Considering the importance of the discussion of narration focalization analysis in a better and more precise knowledge of narrative works, in this research, two narratives of "Shazdeh Ehtejab" by "Hooshang-Golshiri" and "Jaaye Khaliye saluoch" by "Mahmud Dowlatabadi" in terms of the narrative focalization, in a descriptive-analytical method have been investigated to see whether there is a significant difference between them regarding the discussion of narration focalization or not.The structure of this research has been set in five chapters: the first chapter has explained the introduction. The second chapter consists of definitions and overviews, and in the third chapter, the obtained pattern has been implemented in two works.Then in the fourth chapter, the components of the two novels are compared. Finally, in the last chapter, the similarities and differences between the two narratives are discussed.The results of this study showed that Golshiri benefited more from the ideological components, direct speech, direct and indirect monologue, frequency of repetition, far-reaching retrospective, and descriptive pause; while, Dowlatabadi has used direct speech, prolepsis, indirect monologue, and emotional aspects more.and this has increased the speed of his narrative more. As a whole, with respect to the comparison among four narration focalization time-related componenets, it may be concluded that despite the different styles of these two works, time-related strategies has been used approximately to the same degree in both, and it seems there is no significant difference considering these components between them.KeyWords: Naration, Naration Focalization, “Shazdeh Ehtejab”, Jaye Khaliye Salouch”.