نشریه مطالعات نقد ادبی
پیاپی 52 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

This paper will investigate, through an analysis of the story “Zal and Rudabeh”, Ferdowsi’s views on love and wisdom. The story depicts a comprehensive and credible image of love, passion, wisdom and patriotism, which reflect Ferdowsi’s realistic viewpoint and the lover’s interaction with and meditation on current problems. Thus, in a credible context, Zal, who is not an embodiment of physical beauty unlike in many romances, endeavors to reach his beloved through wisdom, perseverance and humanity. As the story unfolds, love and passion are represented along with pacifism, patriotism, and wisdom, and Ferdowsi takes the story beyond earthly love, transforming it to a profound, transcendental and beautiful notion which disseminates the message of interaction, wisdom, and compromise.

Marxist  is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of  literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical background is highly important. occupation of Iran and the Kurdistan region after World War I A current dominates Kurdish literature, which influences many Kurdish writers and intellectuals under the influence of Marxism and Communism. Savare Ilkhanizadeh (1316-1354) is one of the prominent poets of contemporary Kurdish poetry in the 40s and 50s. Like many intellectuals of that time, he was influenced by the ideological currents of his time. According to the requirements of his time, Saware has chosen symbolic language for his poems. He tries to express his thoughts in a mysterious language. In this research, which was carried out by descriptive-analytical method, using library sources, it is tried to analyze the components of Marxist criticism in his poetry, while examining the symbolic language of his poems. The results indicate that the political and social conditions of Saware's time had an impact on his poems and these poems were a means of expressing his thoughts and ideology, which are Marxist-socialist thoughts.

This article is a descriptive-analytical research based on conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), which studies the conceptual metaphors of the field of anger in three fictional works of Sange Sabour (Persian), Sound and Fury (English) and Miramar (Arabic). The findings of the research show that one of the most frequent source domains that all three authors have used to express the abstract concept of anger is the specific metaphor "ANGER IS AN OBJECT / TOOL". Of course, just by having one common source domain, it is not possible to strongly emphasize the universality of conceptual metaphors, and the existing differences indicate culture-specificity of these specific metaphors.But in relation to Generic- level metaphors in these stories, it was found that all three writers, Sadegh Chubak, William Faulkner, and Najib Mahfouz, have benefited the most from the Generic- level metaphor "EMOTIONS ARE OBJECT" in the field of anger, and it can be said that at the Generic- level of metaphors, The universality of metaphors can be confirmed.

The most important central element in the entire Shahnameh is the character of the king, which is derived from the two origins of history and mythology. The elements that were effective in the formation of the kings' rule in the Shahnameh are: Divine Farr, Royal Farr (inheritance), wealth and politics, power and having support and social base. Among the fifty-four kings in the Shahnameh, three were women and the rest were men. Shahnameh’s women play a key role in the government because they carry the blood of the kingdom through heredity and play a significant role in the affairs of the country (governance) and army. Sometimes they appear as the king's mother and wife, and sometimes as queens and empresses. This essay has analyzed the rule and foundations of Iranian and Non Iranian queens with analytical-descriptive method and compared the worldliness of male kings with queens. The findings of the research show that three Iranian queens (Homai Chehrazad, Puran Dokht and Azram Dokht) came to power through Royal Farr and the legitimacy of their government was based on fear and terror, except for Homa who was based on vigilance and negative power and two Non Iranian queens (Qidafa and Mother Talchand and Gov) were women with tact and wisdom who sat on the throne with royal and epic Iranian characteristics.

Masnavis "Homay and Homayun" and "Gol and Nowruz" are among the works of Khajoo –e-  Kermani in the 8th century, which describe the love and passion of two Iranian and Shami princes for the daughters of "Caesar of Rome" and "King of China". . According to the classification of literary types, these two poems can be placed in the "romance" group. In a descriptive-analytical way, this research deals with finding evidence and examples of Gerard Genet's views in the lyrical works of Khajovi Kermani and tries to answer the question that in the structure of the love stories of Khajovi Kermani, which of the components Can Gerard Genet's opinion be checked? Narratology or narrative grammar, by examining the form of a literary work, tries to achieve a semantic system beyond the text and make the narrative speech or text understandable. Narratology is a set of general rules about narrative styles, systems governing narration or storytelling, and plot structure. Genet considers five topics important for describing and analyzing the structures of literary texts: order, continuity, frequency, aspect and tone. These five factors are included in the framework of the "time in narrative" theory. The present research describes and analyzes these five topics in the narrative structure of two masnavis "Homay and Homayun" and "Gol and Nowruz". The findings indicate that the analyzed systems have a stable story and narrative structure and these five topics are clearly expressed in them. Among these components are The instantaneous and linear form of the narrative without reference to the Past, Psitive and Fixed acceleration, Existence of repetition and Frequency, addressing the details,…

Archetypal ideas include person, situation, and symbols. The idea of ​​personality is very common in Astarabadi's Sa’adat Nameh and Zohouri’s Saghi Nameh. However, due to the unknown nature of these two works, not enough research has been done on them and many of their valuable angles have been hidden.Therefore, by examining this component in the above works, we intend to help interpret their verses and answer the questions that cognitive emergence and astronomy are related to the ideas of archetypes and what is the frequency of each idea in SaghiNameh and Sa’adatnameh. It seems that despite not knowing the knowledge of archeology in the modern sense, Zohouri and Astrabadi had a deep and accurate knowledge of the ideas of archaism. And they have used them in a special way by using the element of imagination in their works. Also in these two works, the ideas of religious and national figures were superior to other types and the idea of ​​the seeker is only for the poet who has searched and finally reached mysticism.This research is presented in descriptive-analytical method As a result.

Story writing has been one of the most widely used and popular ways of writing books over the centuries. Many writers have stepped in this valley and created valuable works, both in Persian and Arabic. The Majma 'al-Nawadir, written by Faiz al-Din Zeinolabedin Hesam Benbani (Zendeh 907 AH), is one of these valuable books which, according to the author himself, has been written on a new and new way in Persian by looking at the books of the predecessors in the end of Ijaz and Abbreviation. Among the most widely used sources of banbani are the prose of al-Der Waqiyat, written by Mansur b. Husayn Abi (cir; 345-422 AH), which is in Arabic and includes sayings, manners, rhetorical and delicate points. Considering the large number of common anecdotes as well as similar titles of these two works (Navader Metabain, Navader Tafilian, Navader Majanin, Teachers' Nevader, Women's Nevader, etc.) it seems. Banbani has paid attention to this book in the way of writing and dividing the Majma 'al-Nawadir, and the new way that Banbani claims to be, not merely an imitation of the prose he created according to this book. The manner in which persian works are not seen before banbani. In addition to translating anecdotes into Persian, Banbani has not limited himself to the blue method in al-Darr's prose in the use of anecdotes and titles, and has sometimes taken part in the structure of the anecdotes of this book or used the anecdotes under another title in the Majma 'al-Nawadir.

The author analyzed eight short Persian stories written by men writers on the basis of Josephine Donovan's Feminist theory to show the position and role of the women in these stories. Four stories were chosen among the works of Sadiq Hedayat and the other four stories were selected among the works of Al-ahmad. The author wants to illustrate that men as writers show women in cliche roles as objects, tools and dependent creatures not as a complete, independent women, in the world of males also investigates that there was not any humanitarian or supportive stance to display women, In the patriarchal world of these writers. Conclusions showed that both of the writers as influential Iranian writers in their cultural-social and traditional structures of their stories gave stereotypical roles to women and passive human-beings, playing secondary roles to satisfy patriarchal needs and requirements, and finally they passively give up in men’s world. Both of the theory and practice of the author were fully satisfied.

The land of Deccan in South India has attracted attention of many Muslims since the first centuries of the rise and spread of Islam, and groups of Muslim merchants and Sufis entered this region for the purpose of trade and also to propagate Islam. The migration of these people had many consequences in social, economic, political, cultural and religious fields in Deccan. But it took a long time like several centuries for Deccan to be conquered by Muslims. From the end of the fourth century, at the same time as conquests of the Ghaznavids in India, not only Islam; Rather, Persian culture, art, architecture and language became popular in that land. This research aims to answer question of causes and factors of Iranian Shia migration to the Deccan region by using historical research methods that are based on description and analysis. And what has been the expansion of the Persian language? The findings of the present research show that roots of Shia religion, which were established during Bahmani era, continued after their extinction and during time of their successors, namely Qutb Shahian, Nizam Shahian and Adel Shahian, they also introduced the Shia religion to announced the official religion of their government. Their support for Shiite immigrants who migrated from Iran and Arab lands to the Deccan led to the spread of the Shiite religion, spread of Iranian-Islamic culture and civilization in the Deccan. One of the most important results of the presence and role of Shia immigrants in the politics of Deccan was their social and cultural influence. As cultural missionaries, by establishing educational institutions and using the presence of scholars, they created a suitable atmosphere for literary support. They wrote, brought the Persian language to its peak and marked the growth and prosperity of the Iranian-Islamic culture, in addition to being the official and administrative language, the common people also used Persian in their daily conversations. And it was considered a sign of honor. Also, this language was the favorite of Muslim sultans and their friendship and politeness turned their court into a gathering place for scholars and writers.

Sustainability Lierature under the influence of religions and national movments and with advent of the Islamic Revolution and the accurence  of the imposed war and the need for sacred defense, became more prevalent and many committed poets and writers They expressed stability in their works.Hamid Sabzevari and Mousavi Garmaroudi are two famous poets of ritual, sustainability  , and the Islamic Revolution literature who are active in this field. They have been used most of the poetic formats in the service of sustainability literature and have written poetry for every occasion in the Islamic Revolution, and for this reason they are known as revolutionary poets.We are looking for the question: what factors have played a role in the formation of the idea of sustainability of these two poets and what are the most important themes of sustainability in the poems of these two? We came to this point that the two poets' view of sustainability is close to each other and in the field of sustainability literature, such as: jihad, self-sacrifice and martyrdom, philosophy of waiting and the epic of Ashura, right-seeking, colonialism and arrogance, especially after the victory of the revolution in their poems .The role of the people in creating this thinking is remarkable. The people of Iran, who have long made oppression their top priority and have revolted against the in humanity everywhere.This spirit has created a harmonious heartbeat and pen, faith and a beautiful rhythm in the works of these two, which is based on truth-seeking and reflection of pains and ideals.

In Persian literature, to express lyrical and romantic themes, along with the form of sonnet, it is also common to use romantic verses. Storytelling is one of the types that was noticed very early in Persian poetry. At the end of the 6th century, the order of romantic stories reached its perfection by Nizami Ganjavi. He arranged some famous stories of his time and the performances of this poet were so skillful that most of the composers of romantic verses, knowingly or not, have been influenced by his style and manner of storytelling. One of his brilliant poems is Leyli and Majnun, whose origin should be sought in Arab literature. This story has been imitated many times by poets in different languages. The Eastern world has known the tragic story of Leyli and Majnoon in its literature since ancient times. Over the years, this story has inspired dozens of great poets in the creation of fantastic poems, and it is still reflected in the works of poets, writers, playwrights and musicians of different nations of the East. Undoubtedly, the origin of this story belongs to the Arabs and its history goes back to the end of the 7th century AD.

Love is the main concept in "Khamsa of Nezami "to the extent that he considered love to be the essence of life and equated life without love to depression and death. Love in "Khamsa of Nezami" is the main pillar of creating the poetic stories. In this research, we have tried to evaluate the origin of mystical love in Persian literature by comparing the theme of love in Nezami's poems and poets before him. This article is done in a descriptive-analytical way, and the main question is, what role did Nezami play in creating the category of "mystical love" in Persian literature? The findings show that before Nezami, what was mentioned as "love" in literary texts, was generally introduced with regard to physical affairs and the description of the love affair between the lover and the beloved in the conditions of war and celebration. Nezami marked the main transformation in changing the view of physical love that It has been transformed into a mystical concept in Persian literature.