پژوهشنامه ادبیات تعلیمی
پیاپی 57 (بهار 1402)

The book Adab al-Harb wa al-Shuja 'is one of the literary and historical works that, in addition to providing valuable information about war, is also very valuable in examining issues related to the ethics of war. This book was written by Fakhr-e-Modbar(late 6th century - early 7th century . The main question of this research is: Which of the morals of war and its moral do's and don'ts has Fakhr Madbar paid attention to in Adab al-Harb and al-Shuja'a? Based on this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method; The preference of peace over war, adherence to and respect for peace and non-breaking the treaty, treating prisoners of war well, consulting in war, not belittling the enemy, respecting the rights of soldiers and disrespecting them, refraining from insulting, Confidentiality and concealment of military secrets, care and observance of civil rights, observance of civilian rights, prohibition of damaging farms and fields, avoidance of fear and despair are considered by the prudent pride of war ethics.

Akhlagh Mohseni's book is one of the valuable works of the 9th and 10th centuries of Hijri. Mulla Hossein Vaez Kashefi Sabzevari wrote this book for educational purposes. Kashefi has paid attention to teaching ethical principles and advising rulers and kings based on wisdom.And in the introduction of his book, he declares that his audience is the kings and their attendants. And he mentions forty distinct moral qualities that make the king a king and keeps him as a king. And he mentioned these ethical teachings by relying on the division of the ethical teachings in the Akhlagh Naseri book. Directly or indirectly, through telling stories and allegories, he leads the audience toward ethical virtues. This study aims to discuss and study the moral virtues in Akhlagh Mohseni's book taking into consideration the division of ethical standards in Akhlagh Naseri's book, to determine how close was Kashifi to Khwaja Nasiruddin's classifications in compiling his book.The adopted approach in this article is a descriptive-analytical approach, and it is based on the review of Khwaja Naser's educational thoughts in Akhlagh Naseri's book and their comparison with Akhlagh Mohseni's book. Results show that justice and courage were among the ethical virtues mentioned in the book and had a special place as they play a decisive role in the individual and social life of man. Some virtues, such as worship, have an individual aspect, and some, like justice, have a social aspect. By observing these standards, society sees prosperity.

Based on the reality therapy approach and selection theory of William Glaser People choose behaviors when they fail to meet their needs. That is, they choose certain behaviors and actions so that they may be able to meet their needs. He believes that all behaviors are always selected at the moment Are the best choice of person to satisfy one or more needs; However, he may have chosen inefficient and ineffective behavior due to the lack of effective methods. These five needs are embedded in human genes to meet these needs, the person collects images in his mind. The difference between this set of images is the desired world and the perceptual world that leads the person to general behaviors that It is suggested by the creative brain system when struggling and trying to achieve desires Rumi seven hundred years ago in the story of "shir and Nakhjiran" the first book of the spiritual masnavi has arranged a debate between the lion, nakhjiran and the rabbit that Their behavior is consistent with the authors' theory of Glaser theory. In the present article, to prove this hypothesis, after the introduction, the research background and mentioning the theoretical framework are analyzed as examples of behaviors and In the end it is concluded that the behaviors that Consistent with Glasser's theory, according to the animal debate situation

The story of Bilawhar and Yudasaf contains the history of Buddhism and after centuries it has been mixed with anecdotes and philosophical words and narrated in the form of parables and instructive stories. These parables are narrated by a pious sage named Bilawhar to guide Yudasaf and encourage him to leave the world and find the truth. In this story, the concept of transcendence is emphasized. It means going higher, rising, reaching the peak, tending to grow and progress, excelling and perfection, and self-knowledge is the only sign of a mature and cultured person, which is emphasized in educational literature. This model has been proposed among all nations, religions and schools with different titles. In Islam, it can be reached nirvana or freedom from illusions and sufferings and attachments of the mortal world through spiritual focus or meditation in the teachings of Buddha. In this way, man always finds a passage through rebirths and reaches perfection. This research investigates the symbolic steps of transcendence in the dialectic story of Bilawhar and Yudasaf with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the library method and it indicates the main principles and conceptual structure of this dialectic book.

The scope of this article is literature, mysticism and psychology with the focus of Masnavi Maulavi. With the emergence of literary and non-literary theories, including psychological theories, a multi-faceted relationship between different sciences has emerged; Among them, the interdisciplinary relationship between literature, psychology and mysticism. This incident caused literature to become an application-oriented reading. With the help of psychological theories, literature has increased its scientific and practical appeal in literary and mystical texts; Among the topics discussed in this article is the category of association. Association is one of the mental abilities and as an educational style, it has a special place in literary texts, especially in the mystical genre. In the associative learning style, learning is not predetermined. This style defines the teaching process in the course of teaching and happens unexpectedly. Its other features are the dynamics of the text structure, the richness of speech, diversity of thought, multi-layeredness, and psychotherapy. Another topic of the article is to examine the educational function of Masnavi's stories, as well as individual and collective unconscious knowledge based on association theory. The current research was conducted in a library method and shows how to achieve individual and collective unconscious knowledge based on the theory of Freud and Jung. Another topic of the article was the analysis of the personality structure and dimensions of Freud's mind and Jung's individuation process, relying on the educational and psychological dimension of dreams, centered on spiritual stories.

Taghi Danesh, the eminent poet of late Qajar and early Pahlavi dynasties has tremendously expressed didactic teachings (moral, mystical, religious) in many of his poetical works. Having extensively applied Arabic and Persian proverbs, allegory, verses, anecdotes and sayings, Danesh has reflected high moral teachings in the mirror of his poesy. The current study using library resources and descriptive-analytical approach has studied didactic teachings in the complete poetry, ballads, sonnets and fragments of Taghi Danesh. The research achieves the result that following predecessors’ reflection didactic teachings have enormous reflection in Taghi Danesh’ sonnets and fragments. This research, seeks to answer the question that: Taqi Danesh has expressed educational teachings (ethical, mystical, religious-devout) in his poems using what methods? In this research, with the descriptive-analytical method and the use of library resources, the didactic teachings of Danesh, have been investigated in the complete poems such as: ballades, sonnets and fragments of Taqi Danesh. The result of the present research, shows that Danesh, with the followig of his predecessors, has reflected educational teachings in numerous forms and on a wide level, in his poems.