نشریه روستا و توسعه پایدار فضا
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 11، پاییز 1401)

Governance is the art of guiding organizations and communities. What determines the local nature of governance is the degree of participation in achieving the goals and aspirations of the local community. The aim of this study was to analyze the level of local governance and the factors affecting it in local governments (rural and Islamic councils) in the villages of Tonekabon city with a descriptive-analytical research approach. The statistical population of the study includes two groups of institutions in charge of rural management (including 50 villagers or members of Islamic councils and district experts) and 384 heads of households living in 36 villages of more than 50 households in 5 districts. In order to analyze the level of rural local governance, one-sample t-statistic and Fan TOPSIS were used and in order to analyze the factors affecting rural governance, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression were used. Indicators of local governance include participation, legitimacy, accountability, responsibility, central justice, collective agreement, transparency and efficiency and effectiveness and factors affecting local governance including internal factors (organizational characteristics, manpower) and external factors (spatial location, Social and cultural characteristics, economic characteristics). The results showed that local governments are not in a good position in terms of local governance indicators with an average score 2.9. Also, the level of local governance is average in 61.1% of villages. At the same time, the results of regression show that internal factors explain 76.6% and external factors 96.4% of changes in rural governance. In the field of internal factors of Dehyari degree, Dehyari income, age and Dehyari experience with standard coefficient of 0.768; 0.379 and 0.232 and in the field of external factors of village , village population, weight and population density with standard coefficient of 0.411; 0.361 and 0.223 are the most important variables affecting rural governance.

Occurrence of natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, droughts, etc .; In geographical areas, especially in rural areas, in most cases, it leaves a lot of irreparable damage and is a serious obstacle to the sustainable development of human societies. Drought is one of the environmental phenomena and an integral part of climate change and to reduce its effects, attention has been paid to the resilience approach. In this regard, the purpose of this study is the spatial analysis of the local community's physical-environmental factors affecting resilience against environmental hazards in the villages of Sistan region. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the present study included all heads of households in 373 villages with more than 50 households in Sistan region. Using Cochran's formula, 189 household heads were randomly selected as a sample. Took. SPSS, WASPAS and Arc GIS software were used to analyze the data. The results of regression test on the effect of physical-environmental factors on the resilience of rural communities in Sistan region indicate that the degree of multiple correlation between physical-environmental factors and resilience is equal to the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.001) Which shows that physical-environmental factors have no effect on the productivity of villagers in Sistan region. Also, the results of WASPAS ranking technique confirm that the villagers located in Zahak and Zabol counties have the highest rate of physical-environmental resilience against natural hazards and the villagers located in Helmand county have the lowest rate of physical resilience. They are an environment against natural hazards.

Flood is one of the most important natural disasters in rural areas of Iran. Iran is known as a country with many risks due to the diversity of natural and human disasters, so that out of 40 known disasters, more than 30 natural disasters occur in Iran on a global scale. Also, in rural areas of Iran, the conditions are such that they face drought at the same time as floods. The present study deals with the issue of flood resilience of rural settlements with emphasis on physical dimensions. Since South Khorasan province and especially Birjand city and surrounding areas are among the important flood-prone areas of Iran, zoning of hazards and physical resilience of rural areas against floods is important. The purpose of this study is to determine the degree of flooding and the physical resilience of villages around the city of Birjand against floods. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the statistical population of the study is the villages of Bagheran rural district in the southern part of Birjand city and the foothills of Bagheran mountain range which includes 249 villages, 9042 households and 344071 people. For this purpose, the research sample population included the villages of Glian, Rakat Sofla, Gyuk Sofla, Nokand and Zini, which have a total of 160 families and 465 people. Formal data and field studies have been used to collect information. In the field studies, physical surveys were conducted from rural settlements and in addition, 28 experts in rural studies were interviewed. The results show that the northern slope of Bagheran mountain range has a high intensity of flooding. Then 2 villages of Nokand and Rakat Sofla with low flooding intensity and 3 villages of Glian, Gyuk Sofla and Zini have higher intensity of flooding. Glyans have the highest level of physical resilience.

This research, with a futures research approach, identifies the most important factors affecting the future status of sustainable development of Shahr-e Babak rural system and examines the extent and how these factors affect each other. The present research is applied in terms of developmental purpose and in terms of method a combination of documentary-survey methods and in terms of nature, it is based on futures research, analytical and exploratory methods which have been done by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. Due to the nature of the research, MickMac structural analysis method and Delphi technique have been used. In this regard, after holding initial discussion sessions with twenty experts in the field of rural and regional planning in Shahr-e Babak, as the statistical population of the study, fifty primary variables were identified in the form of six general dimensions. Next, the primary factors were defined in terms of cross-matrix effects in Mick Mac prospect software. What can be understood from the status of the factor scattering plane is the scattering pattern of the effective variables indicating the instability of the. Due to the high score of direct and indirect impact, 15 key factors affect the sustainable development of Shahrbabak system. Important key factors in the physical dimension; Distance of the village from the main city, creation of infrastructure, development of regional transportation network, in the managerial dimension; Increasing trust, systemic belief and program-oriented plan, responsibility, in economic dimension; The security situation and job stability of the villagers, the development of tourism in the system, are the factors affecting the future of sustainable development of Shahrbabak system.

During the last three decades, Iranian society has been heavily involved in the phenomenon of migration from rural to urban areas and its socio-economic consequences. The growth of marginalized population, the emergence of new subcultures, the decline of agricultural production and the increase in the number of unskilled and semi-skilled workers have been the first and most obvious aspects of this phenomenon. This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the factors affecting rural youth migration in Ardabil province in two stages: qualitative (Grounded Theory) and quantitative. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data in the qualitative section. The statistical population selected 30 people for the quality department of general managers and deputies of Organization of Agriculture Jihad, Sports and Youth Department, Rural Cooperatives, Provincial Banks and Nomadic Affairs Department, which was coded after theoretical saturation in the interview. The statistical population of the quantitative section was 280 young people living in rural areas in Ardabil province. 162 people were selected based on Morgan table and stratified random sampling method. The obtained data set was organized in the form of 90 open codes, 59 concepts, 15 categories and 6 categories (intervening conditions, causal conditions, pivotal conditions, consequences, strategies and contextual conditions) after a continuous process of open, axial and selective coding. Finally, using the Smart Pls software, the fit of the obtained model was ensured and all significant relationships were identified. The results show that the most important reasons for rural youth migration; House and housing wear, social status and reputation in the city, difficult access to agricultural and livestock services, achieving their aspirations in cities, security and stability in urban life, and access to information and mass media.

After presenting the theory of global village and in this regard, the emergence of information and communication technology, societies have undergone fundamental changes. Considering the issue that still a significant part of the world's population lives in villages, therefore, the creation and expansion of electronic government in rural areas is very important and can bring positive prospects for rural areas in economic fields to have social, political and cultural consequences. But due to many reasons, some countries have not yet been successful in realizing the goals of electronic government.In Iran, this issue is limited to the purchase of hardware and at best, limited information has been placed on the websites of organizations or ministries, and in practice, it has faced many problems, especially in rural areas.Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the problems of providing electronic government services in the rural areas of Hamadan province from the point of view of the agents of the rural ICT offices.The research method applied is descriptive-survey using questionnaire as the main instrument for collecting necessary data and information from the field.The statistical population of the research included 91 agents’workers of these offices, who were all selected as the study sample.In order to analyze the data the SPSS software and confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software were used. The obtained results indicated the identification and priority of the five projects and the determination of the electronic tasks provided by the government in the field that, in order to fulfill the legal tasks of the organizational field and economic-financial, social-cultural,technical-telecommunication-legal management, and effective priorities for providing government services. Electronics were in rural areas. Finally,the conceptual model of problems and extensive changes of e-government in the village of ICT offices fits relatively well and has been correctly applied in the research population.

Today, climate change, in addition to poverty and lack of food resources in rural areas, has caused an increase in the number of immigrants.Drawing the issue of climate change as a security concern has caused 70% of the world's countries to openly declare that the issue of climate change is considered a security issue for them. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to Study of the impact of climate change on the security of rural areas(Case study: Kurdistan province).The approach that governs the space of quantitative-qualitative research and the type of applied research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Research information has been collected through two methods library and field (questionnaire).In this research, 10 Extreme under climate change have been used along with 4 security dimensions that make up a total of 40 indicators. In this research, in order to evaluate the future climate conditions of Kurdistan province, the HadGEM2-ES model based on the MARKSIM micro scale method has been used during the period from 2010 to2095under two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. SPSS software was also used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results of the study of climate change scenarios showed that in the two stations of Sanandaj and Saqez, the trend of summer days is increasing and freezing days are decreasing. The results of the precipitation indices in Kurdistan Province showed that the changes in the climate and the amount of rain, which previously rained sporadically throughout the year,will rain intensively and heavily in a few days and most of this rain goes out of the region in the form of floods and with great damage.Finally, the results showed a strong relationship between climate indices and profiles with security dimensions at a significant level(0.05),considering the level of confidence and providing upper and lower limits