نشریه مطالعات جنگ
پیاپی 16 (بهار 1402)

The offensive operation of Beit Al-Maqdis, which led to the liberation of the heroic Khorramshahr and about 6000 square kilometers of the territory of our beloved country from the clutches of the Baathist regime in Iraq, was carried out without the operation of crossing the roaring Karun river by the Fatah and Nasr camps and the passage of their troops and equipment through five floating bridges. It was impossible by the engineering units of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially since these bridges had the feature of two-way traffic and had no restrictions in this regard. By looking at the events and the role of engineering in Jerusalem operations in the areas of crossing the river and crossing artificial barriers, the authors have tried to express the engineering activities in this important and fateful operation; The main research question is about the role of engineering in Jerusalem operations. The engineering staff, including the engineer commanders and veteran professors of the engineering faculty, who participated in the Jerusalem operation, and all the documents and materials collected from experts, are the community studied in this article. The research method is descriptive with quantitative-qualitative (mixed) data analysis approach. Information data has been collected by field and library methods and with interview and questionnaire tools and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the article confirm that the ground force's combat engineering had an important and decisive role in the victory of the Jerusalem operation.

The sphericity of the earth, the vastness and geography of the country and the limitations of radar visibility caused by natural and artificial effects have required the use of numerous and diverse radars in the country of J.A. On the other hand, the type and nature of emerging threats (in terms of size, flight speed, body aerodynamics, radar evasion and the use of stealth technologies, etc.) have changed; On the other hand, many factors such as the limitation of radar coverage (RCI) at low altitude, weakness against electronic interference and adverse atmospheric and environmental effects have a great impact on UHF band radars.VHF band radars are less affected by the environment and atmospheric conditions and have a higher resonance phenomenon than UHF radars, which is an advantage for detecting smaller objects at longer distances and can be used as a basic solution to overcome the weakness of UHF band radars and deal with Emerging threats and new stealth technologies are exploited.  The research aims to find the answer to the question, "Are the VHF band radars of Ajah Air Defense Force a suitable solution for detecting aerial targets?" Done.This research is of applied type and the descriptive research method is done by collecting information and data with field and library methods. The approach of data analysis has been implemented in a mixed (quantitative and qualitative) way.As a result of this research, the researcher has come to the conclusion that: VHF band radars have a long wavelength, which are able to detect air targets at longer distances and at different altitudes, especially at low altitudes, but because of this long wavelength, the accuracy of measurement is low. Target position parameters (angle, height and distance) as well as have less resolution than UHF band radars. Also, these radars are suitable for detecting stealth and aerial targets outside the space and territory of the country and preventing surprises, but they need to be used simultaneously with complementary systems to guide fighter planes in air interception missions and also to guide missile and defense systems. . Their electronic warfare capabilities are very efficient and against anti-radar missiles, it will significantly help the Ajah Air Defense Force's radar network.

The civil war will have many negative economic and non-economic consequences. In this regard, the main purpose of the current research is to identify the robust determinants of the civil war risk in 127 countries of the world (including Iran) during the years 2001-2020 and using the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) approach. For this purpose, 21 variables have been used in 5 groups: 1. Economic variables, 2. The abundance of natural resources, 3. Demographic variables, 4. Social variables, and 5. Political variables. By estimating 100,000 regressions and Bayesian averaging of coefficients, robust determinants of the civil war risk have been identified. Based on the results, the variables the good govrnance index with a 99% probability and negative effect, religious and racial tensions with a 97% probability and positive effect, and human development index with a 96% probability and negative effect have a definite and robust effect on the civil war risk. The index of economic conditions and the total population with a 91% and 76% probability, respectively, have been the fourth and fifth important variables in explaining the civil war risk with a positive effect. Other variables have a weak or insignificant effect on the risk of civil war. Based on this, it can be said that countries with higher quality institutions, higher human development indicators, less religious and racial tensions, a more favourable economic situation and a smaller population will have a lower probability of civil war.

In order to carry out strategic missions such as maintaining internal lines of communication, and providing security at sea the Navy consists of several specialized units With considering the importance of diving units in supporting the missions of the Navy, the purpose of this research is to investigate the role of diving units in the strategic missions of the Navy in the imposed war. This research is an applied type, with a qualitative approach. In this research, two methods of library study and field interview were used for data collection, The qualitative analysis of the results showed that the diving headquarter, based on a detailed examination of the operational needs, took action to form diving units in the operational areas, such as Bandar Imam, Mahshahr, Abadan, Ahvaz, and Khark Island, and by strengthening these groups Specializing with experienced divers who were assigned to these specialized groups from all districts of the navy, has taken an effective step towards achieving the strategic goals of IRIN in securing the country's national interests in the sea. Diving units in the southern regions with special expertise and technology in the fields of salvage, underwater demolition, reconnaissance and rescue, underwater repairs, helping people and escorting convoys were able to cause strategic effects in the war by carrying out very important tactical measures.

Although the Ukraine crisis is geopolitically considered a North-North and Europe-centered war, in practice it is a "world power" conflict that is centered around the predicted collapse of the global hegemony of the United States of America and clearly destroys American peace. Therefore, while analyzing the Russia-Ukraine war, based on the future research method and the technique of scenario planning, this article tries to answer the main question that the future scenarios of the Russia-Ukraine war and its impact on the future of the order What will be the new world? This research is of applied type, analytical descriptive research method and qualitative research approach. Data collection has been done by two methods, field and library, and the expert community of this research for the interview includes 10 experts related to the subject. The findings of the research show that the war between Russia and Ukraine, as a trigger or turning point, will cause a change in the order governing the structure of the international system and a new order of the kind It will not be unipolar led by the United States and the international system will enter a new era. The effect of this war will be the polarization of international security and the geopoliticization of international politics.

Always very important to pay attention to the logistics system and storage of ammunition and being prepared to use explosives and ammunition is an essential and unavoidable requirement.The main objective of this research was Optimizing the process of maintaining the Ammunition depot level in the ground forces of the I.R.I Army(NEZAJA)because one of the issues that military organizations face is the reduction of the life span or lack of optimal efficiency of ammunition the three components of Human resources, education, and facilities and equipment have all been studied from three different perspectives.Accordingly, the current research is categorized based on the purpose of the applied research type, based on the descriptive research type, based on the method, and based on the research type of the mixed research type.Also, the statistical population of the present study included all the experts, commanders, officials and ammunition storekeepers located in the ammunition depots of NEZAJA that calculated equal to106 persons according to Cochran formula.For analyze of the Data obtained from the researcher-made questionnaire the descriptive analysis of frequency and percentage of frequency was used, and in order to check the significance of the existing relationships between the independent variable and the function variables, the chi-square correlation coefficient test was also used and finally at the significance level of 0.05.The hypotheses of the research based on the effect of three components of human resources, training and facilities and equipment on the process of optimizing the maintenance of the level of ammunition preparation in NEZAJA were confirmed.

With the fall of the long-lasting Safavid government in 1135 AH, Iran was ruled by the Afghans for 8 years. At this time, Iran witnessed internal and external wars. In the meantime, Nadershah Afshar was able to reach the political arena formed a government whose foundation was based on a military structure. Due to Nader Shah's focus on establishing stability and unity of the country, economic issues were neglected in this period. Therefore, the problem of researchers is to examine the economic situation of Iran in this period, which is affected by rare wars. The main question of this research is what effect did Nader Shah's wars have on the economy of the Afshariya period? The current research has analyzed the data with the historical research method and with a descriptive-analytical approach and has examined the results of Nader Shah's wars on the economy of that period in the three dimensions of the tax system, foreign trade and agricultural economy. The results indicate that the tax system in this period has become disordered due to meeting the needs of military campaigns, the accumulation of capital in the coffers and the lack of its injection into the heart of society and classes of people, and it has a negative effect on the military approach of Nader Shah in the regional and extra-regional trade of Iran. put. Also, the agricultural economy had stagnated due to the existence of successive wars, the absence of administrative organizations and the destruction of production forces.

The first and most basic step in formulating and implementing the training program is the correct and reality- based implementation of the needs assessment process. Needs assessment is the process of collecting and analyzing information based on which the needs of individuals, groups and organizations are identified. Considering the emergence of emerging military threats, the question was raised as to what are the annual training needs of the artillery battalions of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, emphasizing on the disappearing military threats? Therefore, explaining the needs of the annual training of the artillery battalions with an emphasis on newly emerging military threats is the main goal of this article, which was determined to achieve those three sub-goals. The method of collecting information was field and library, and the sample size was selected using Cochran's formula to the number of 92 experts. This research is of applied type and descriptive method is mixed with analytical approach, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for quantitative analysis. The results of the research indicate that among the three categories of special and specialized general education, specialized education is the first priority with an average of 4/23 and a coefficient of variation of 0/230 and special and general trainings have the second and third ranks, respectively. Also, out of the 40 training needs, 36 trainings got the most points and the trainings of Hasib, war game and virtual space have been given the most important.