فصلنامه اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

One of the key functions of financial markets is price discovery that refers to the use of assets prices for pricing other markets transactions. Since the introduction of exchange-traded funds and their increasing popularity, the use of these tools has led to discussions regarding the transfer of the price discovery process in related markets. Saffron ETF is one of the types of commodity ETF that have recently been traded in the Iran's capital market. Considering the importance of saffron among agricultural products, in this article, the issue of price discovery in relation to this product has been investigated. In order to investigate this issue, the daily data of Saharkhiz saffron certificate and tradable fund from 2021/10/26 to 2020/04/09 was studied using the time-varying price discovery model. Johansen's test shows the existence of a long-term relationship between these two variables. The Granger causality test showed that the causality is from the Spot to the ETF market, so that changes in the Spot are the cause of changes in the ETF market. Finally, the use of time-varying price discovery, in addition to verifying the causality test, showed that more than 85% of the price discovery process takes place in the Spot market and only 15% of price discovery takes place in the ETF market, which shows that it is not realized, which shows the non-fulfillment of the ETF price discovery function in Iran's capital market.

the effects of oil revenue storage in the NDF and investment from the fund's revenue in various economic sectors were evaluated to achieve the objectives of the Fifth Development Plan Law. the R DCGE model approach was used, Changes in production index, consumption and prices in agriculture and food industry and changes in macroeconomic variables such as GDP, consumer price and household welfare in the form of 5 different scenarios of oil revenues storage to the NDF and lack of investment Or investments in different economic sectors were evaluated using the social accounting matrix of 1390. improving the productivity of the agricultural through oil revenue investment is not able to improve the production situation of this sector and the food industry. The results showed that by storing 20% of oil revenues in the NDF in accordance with the law of the Fifth Development Plan and then investing 30% of the fund's revenue sources in the various sector and in proportion to the equal can achieve favorable economic growth, improve food security and increase household welfare

Although the economic growth of Iran is not completely reliant on agricultural production but has been one of the most prominent drivers of the economy of Iran. Without removing the obstacles to development in this sector, it cannot be expected that other economic sectors of the country will achieve development. Since the development of the agricultural sector inevitably leads to the massive consumption of energy, this study aims to investigate the effects of oil derivatives consumption (OILC), electricity consumption (ELC), gas consumption (GASC), CO2 emissions, and agricultural exports (AGexp) on agricultural economic growth (AEG) in Iran.

In this regard, the time-series data from 1980 to 2018 was used to analyze the short-run and long-run relationships among studied variables using Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling and different tests associated with it.

The ARDL model results indicate that GASC and OILC positively affect AEG in the long run, while CO2 has a negative effect in the short run. Additionally, AGEX and ELC do not significantly affect the dependent variable. Further results show that AGexp, OILC, and GASC increase AGE by 0.115%, 0.499%, and 0.278%, respectively, in the long run, while CO2 and ELC do not significantly affect AGE. Suggestion: Implementing policies such as Customization of production according to global standards, creating efficient and appropriate administrative structures for export affairs, and investing export earnings in the agricultural sector can be of interest to policymakers. On the other hand, considering that the most influential factor preventing energy consumption in the agricultural sector is the reduction of the cultivated area, applying policies that simultaneously reduce the cultivated area and increase productivity can achieve environmental goals and agricultural development to help.

Considering the importance of improving efficiency in improving the productivity of production factors, it is necessary to measure the efficiency of the agricultural sector in order to make appropriate policies in this sector, t

The purpose of the present study is to measure and analyze efficiency and inequality in the agricultural sector of Iran's provinces, considering the role of climatic variables. The required data for the period of 2011-2018 related to all the provinces of the country were collected in the form of a library from the Iranian Statistics Center. For this purpose, the Super-SBM method was used under an exogenous variable for external environmental factors (rainfall).In addition, by using the Gini coefficient, regional differences in the efficiency of the agricultural sector of different provinces of Iran were investigated during the study period.

The results of the research showed that the average technical efficiency of the country's provinces is 0.45. the technical efficiency of the agricultural sector is not in a favorable condition in most of the provinces of the country And there is a extreme inequality (Gini coefficient 0.41) in most regions of the country in terms of efficiency distribution between provinces. In addition, the inequality of the efficiency of the agricultural sector in the provinces of the country has been increasing during the period of 2011-2018.Suggestion: Considering the low efficiency and its unequal distribution in different provinces and regions of the country, it is suggested to take necessary measures to improve efficiency, such as developing new technologies, expanding promotional activities, and reducing the use of harmful inputs. Also, with a more appropriate distribution of facilities and credits, the necessary ground can be provided to improve the efficiency of less privileged provinces.

Agricultural transformation and processing industries have strategic importance in providing the consumption needs and the food chain of society. This is one of the most important industrial groups effective in the economic growth of developing countries. The experience of the world’s countries shows that the learning process with the knowledge development and training of a creative workforce affects the sectors of the economy’s cost structure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate cost savings in agricultural processing industries with two different learning-by-doing and production-learning approaches. To meet this end, the data of 18 food processing industries for 2002-2020 and The Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Error Correction methods were used. The results indicate that economies of scale have been realized in the short and long terms. So all sub-sectors operate at the optimal scale level. In addition, production learning with a rate of 0.83 and a high adjustment speed towards long-term equilibrium had a significant role in reducing the average cost. On the other hand, the results of workforce cost savings indicated that whiles the scale economies were constant workforce cost savings in long term is more than in the short term period. Also, in each period 44.6% of the learning-by-doing gap between the short and long-balance decreases. Overall doubling accumulation production led to a 32% decrease in average cost and reduced about 20% in the cost per unit labor force compared to its previous level. Therefore, it is recommended to identify effective resources in the realization of learning, the growth of technology-oriented start-ups, and the improvement of the skills and abilities of the different layers of employees in this sector through training, holding workshops, and non-academic courses.

The growth and productivity of agricultural production require improving and increasing the efficiency of farmers in order to optimally use vital inputs such as land and water. In this regard, increasing the yield of crops depends on improving production efficiency. The aim of this research is to estimate the technical, pure technical, and scale efficiencies for onion growers in the producing provinces of this product using two DEA and IDEA and analyzing the obtained efficiencies. In this research, the average price of renting a hectare of agricultural land, the average price of pesticide, the average price of buying a cubic meter of agricultural water, the average wage of the labor working in the agricultural sector, the average cost of renting machinery and the average price of buying chemical fertilizer for each The province was used. Also, the average gross profit of the onion crop per hectare for each province was studied as data. All the data used in this study were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad for 2017-2018. This shows the efficiency of these units (only) at the upper limit of the cost of inputs and the gross profit of outputs. Also, the results showed that the largest amount of difference between the average target amount and the actual amount of input consumption cost is related to the four inputs of pesticide, irrigation water, land, and labor. Therefore, in some cases, there are non-negligible differences between the two classic DEA and IDEA. There is a potential for the provinces to achieve optimal allocation of production factors. Therefore, proper planning and management of production inputs with a priority on the most inefficient inputs (pesticides, water, land, and labor) are necessary. In general, adopting any policy that leads to the optimal allocation and efficient use of these production inputs; can reduce the cost of these inputs in ineffective provinces.