نشریه دراسات فی السردانیه العربیه
سال چهارم شماره 1 (الخریف و الشتاء 2023-2022)

Time is one of the significant features of narration that links the events of a text together based on stylistic choices. Time, in terms of analopsis or prolepsis, can create anachrony in a text. Ghassan Kanafani, utilizing this technique in Return to Haifa, attempts to narrate the confusion and displacement experienced by the characters. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines the role of anachrony in introducing characters, presenting information, and affecting readers. The study identifies 31 instances of analopsis in the novel. The characters’ analopsis appears in forms of conversations and reminiscences of war and displacement as the result of stimulating of senses and attending a specific place like such as the beach, streets, and houses. In this regard, the author narrates the 20-year experience of displacement and forced migrations of people since 1947. Saeed, a character in the novel, uses prolepsis 7 times in his speeches, which probably crystallize the 1967 awareness (enlightenment) among people. It can be concluded that Kanfani expresses his optimism towards the nationalists’ movements and the Palestinian people by relying on preliminary analopsis and reporting future events, believing that people are ready to pay high costs to fulfill national goals.

Today, psychological criticism is one of the important approaches of literary criticism. Psychological criticism is one of the important approaches in literary criticism. Karen Horney was one of Freud's students who despite being influenced by him, critiqued some of his theories. In "fundamental conflict" theory, Horney stated that mental illnesses are the consequence of violent and abnormal relationships of people with children. Therefore, according to Horne's theory, childhood is the most influential factor in the formation of personality types (the need for affection and approval; the need for social recognition, etc.), which has been widely used in literary analyses. In Naguib Mahfouz’s Palace Walk many characters suffer from internal conflicts which can by analyzed based on Horney’s ideas. Drawing on a descriptive-analytical framework, this study attempts to examine different psychological dimensions of one of the two main characters in Palace Walk. The study finds that Amina is an exemplar of affection-seeking personality as she bursts with submission and low self-confidence.

Postcolonialism, as an approach, examines literary texts from different perspectives some of which are more frequent in academic centers like hegemony, center-periphery, subaltern voice and Orientalism. The components that underpin this approach are considerably divers and dynamic, one of which is palimpsest that can be defines as writing over/on previous writings. Colonizers impose their culture, literature, and language over those of the colonized territories, yet are not able to erase them altogether. Indeed, precolonial cultural products underpin the colonial cultural products. The postcolonial culture of colonized countries is like a container that contains the works of the former natives in addition to the colonial writings. The aim of postcolonial writings, therefore, can be shedding light on these underpinning layers as the cultural identity of indigenous people.  This study draws on recent postcolonial approaches, particularly that of Bill Ashcroft, to discover the vanished Egyptian cultural underpinnings in A Part of Europe written by Radwa Ashour. The study of palimpsest, an infrequent concept in postcolonial studies paves the way for new critical readings of the novel. It finds that the novel’s narrator by addressing the economic, literary and media palimpsests of the colonial discourse that have undermined those of the natives, attempts to reflect native values and warn readers of the colonial discourse hidden in it.

Literary genres in the contemporary period, especially since the use of narrative techniques by contemporary poets, have got intertwined, and poets have used narrative techniques for aesthetic purposes and connecting them with meaning in poetry. With regard to this, this study examines the contemporary prose-odes of Ibrahim Nasrallah and the interaction between contemporary poetry and narrative techniques in order to analyze their aesthetic and semantic features. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical framework in order to both extract narrative techniques from contemporary prose odes and explain why the poet does not depart from the structure of poetry and prose odes despite the use of story-telling techniques. It finds that the mixture of real and emotional dimensions in Ibrahim Nasrallah’s poetry is due to the Palestine case which forms the main real part of his poetry. The poet's narrative techniques are aesthetic devices to communicate the aesthetic and semantic dimensions of his odes. In this regard, the poet’s poetry responded to narrative elements, built upon several techniques and methods that express his vision, ideas, and emotional state. His style consists of literary aesthetic and semantic development in order to cover spaces, contexts, and semantic gaps, as well as a dense plurality of transferring images and narrative profiles in order to expand the poetic text towards worldview.

A significant concern in literary studies is the rights and status of women. The image of women in literature is affected by cultural and social realities, and in turn, can change these realities. This showcases the importance of novels that address feminism from perspectives. The Blue-Collar Girl narrates the outbreak of an epidemy in the future that affects women’s life and causes important changes in the world. These changes create new limitations for some women that deprive them of basic life rights including family life, education, work, and marriage. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines the continuous and multi-faceted oppression of women and the distinctive image of women in The Blue-Collar Girl to showcase the role of women in liberating women from oppression. It finds that, in terms of characterizing a female heroine, the novel presents a distinctive image of women underpinned by courage, strength, hard work, rescue, self-reliance and other positive characteristics. Such a heroine image liberates women from slavery and oppression in order to reclaim their deprived rights. The novel implies that submission deprives people of their rights.

The theoretical bases of contemporary narratology are arguably rooted in Russian formalism and in Ferdinand de Saussure’s structural linguistics. Narratology, accordingly, emerged as an independent field of study in the second half of the 20th century, and narratologists such as Gérard Genette articulated the theoretical foundations of narratology. They propounded five key categories used particularly in the analysis of novel: order, continuity, frequency, mood, and voice. Voice, in the analysis of novel, is coterminous with narration which contains two important aspects: “time” and “place”. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines different aspects of voice in Memoirs of an Iraqi Dog based on Genette’s ideas. The study finds that the form of voice used in novel is an internal one at the level of place and futuristic at temporal level.

Omar Ibn Abi Rabia is a famous poet of the Islamic and Umayyad periods. His poems are mainly lyrical, and he played a crucial role in giving independence to lyrical poetry. In his sonnets, the body parts of the Self and the Other are described in a concrete and meaningful way. The presence of the body in the field of language, especially in lyrical compositions, is increasingly important. This study examines the verbal structures and rhetorical methods that the poet used to describe the body parts and considers the female body as a non-verbal medium based on a descriptive-analytical framework and narrative statistics. The statistical table, by determining the frequency of body parts and the type of descriptive or media function, explains the implications meanings of each part. The study finds that the vocabularies that the poet uses in order to describe the beloved’s body are semantically rooted in Arabic poetry. From a rhetorical point of view, there are a few examples of the homogeneous description of the Other’s body. In terms of communication and media function, the Self’s and the Other’s body have psychological and emotional implication and are tied to customary and social symbols, which are manifest in gestures and dress codes.  Body plays a significant role in Omar’s poetry as it functions as a discourse that sheds light on the poet’s conscious and unconscious layers of mind.

The End of a Brave Man addresses the issue of childhood and its effect on the individual's personality, considering the great impact that harsh upbringing has on the psyche of children, in addition to the impact of society and peers on them. The significance of studying the novel from a psychological point of view is twofold:   on the one hand, the author of the novel is one of the leaders of contemporary Arab novelists and, on the other hand, the focus of the story is on the importance of childhood in building a person's character. Accordingly, this study pinpoints the impact of childhood on Mufid al-Wahsh, the protagonist of the novel.  The main question that this research addresses is that what are the most important environmental factors affecting the development of Mofid al-Wahsh's personality? To answer this question, the study examines the role of parents in forming a child’s personality, along with the role of teachers, peers, and village people as members of society. It finds that the novel portrays a picture of an abused child who is subject to sufferings and pains as imposed by society. He experiences the first layer of abuse from the family due to emotional disorder as his kind mother cannot make up for his father’s unforgiveness. The second environmental factor is school where he comes to hate knowledge as he is fired from classes. Also, his peers spark misery and rebellion in him. Finally, the people of the village torture him regularly. Mofid al-Wahsh's personality represents the character of numerous men who lived in such a repressive upbringing environment. The protagonist’s conduct is indeed is a natural reflection of the upbringing he received, an upbringing that is based on the oppression of the father in the patriarchal Eastern society, a society where mothers have no role but to cry.