نشریه مدیریت اکوسیستم های طبیعی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 2، بهار 1401)

An economic valuation can be considered as an effective strategy to improve environmental policies to achieve ecologically sustainable development. This study is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. The statistical population in this research is tourists and travelers who have traveled in the rangelands of the region. The data of this study were collected in 2019. The willingness to pay has been calculated with the use of Contingent Valuation Method and the Logit model. According to results, the average willingness is 5019.68 Rials to pay for tourism in Alamout-e Sharghi rangelands and it is estimated at 752955000 Rials the annual value of tourism in these rangelands. Also, the variable of income had a positive effect and the variables of the proposed cost, the number of visits and the number of family members had a negative effect on the willingness to pay for people's recreational use of natural attractions in these rangelands. Tourists who believe in the local management of rangelands have been more willing to accept the proposed costs than others. Besides, the environmental is of great value to all tourists. The percentage of correct prediction in the estimated model is 0.79%. The logit model has been able to predict a high percentage of dependent variable values according to explanatory variables. This study found that there are many barriers to the development ecotourismin Alamut rangelands including: lack of widespread publicity at the right time, lack of public participation in tourism, lack of suitable accommodation and hotels for tourists, lack of parking in village tourist places, lack of medical centers and proper communication services in the village. In this case, some suggestions were also made, including: Increasing the credits of the tourism sector and attracting private sector investors, Development of accommodation and catering facilities, Increasing the share of construction credits, Development of the transportation and road network, Expansion of winter recreation and sports and identification of villages with high tourist-agro-ecotourism potential.

Echinophora cinerea is from Apiaceae family. This plant has anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties. TheEchinophora cinerea is from Apiaceae family. This plant has anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to investigate of the some ecological and phenology characteristics of E. cinerea in rangelands of Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad province. To conduct research, three habitats were selected and 2 transects were established in each habitat, 30 quadrats 2*2 meters were established along the transects. Canopy cover percentage, density of E. cinerea and species associated were harvested. Soil samples were taken to determine the soil parameters including organic carbon, soil organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, pH, EC and soil texture. The results showed that E. cinerea grows in soils with texture of loam, sandy loam and silt loam, northern slopes with 15-30%, and acidity 7.2 to 8.8, electrical conductivity 0.4 ds /m to 0.85 ds/m. The canopy cover of E. cinerea in the Shabliz, Koukhodan and Delibajak Sepidar areas are: 33.4, 28.5 and 25.5%, respectively. The average density of E. cinerea is: 6500, 6100 and 5800 per hectare, respectively. The results showed that there is not a significant difference between the average soil properties of three habitats except phosphorus at 95% probability level. The results showed that depending on the climatic conditions of the region, E. cinerea plant began its growth stage from the in early March with increasing temperature and continued until mid-March. The vegetative stage continues from mid-March to early June. The flowering stage lasts from early June to the beginning of July. The seed stage is from the beginning of July to the end of July. The seeding stage lasts from early July until the middle of July. The results of the present study can be used as a scientific guide for the cultivation of valuable medicinal plant of E. cinerea in the field of improvement and restoration of rangelands in the study area.

The Ferula spp. is one of the most important genus of rangeland plants in the northeastern region of Iran and plays an important role in soil conservation and livelihood of rangeland stockholder. However, improper exploitation and destruction of the plant's habitats are among the factors threatening this natural capital. This study was conducted to identify potential habitats of this genus in the two provinces of Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan, which can be a step to facilitate and develop replanting and rehabilitation operations of this genus. Spatial data of the presence of this genus with a pixel size of 1100*1100 m were used as actual suitable sites for its growth and layers of environmental information such as climate, soil, geology and physiography were used as predictor variables. First, in Biomapper software version 4, the correlation of prediction variables was examined and important independent variables were selected. The potential habitat map extracted from distribution model mapped using Maxent 3.3 software. The results showed that the model used had good accuracy and reached the AUC of 0.94. In terms of importance. Investigating the input variables to the model using the Jackknife test showed that the variables of the slope, Geology, Soilland, habitat altitude (dem) and the annual average temperature (Bio1) have most important roles in the potential habitat of Ferula spp. In the study area the results of this study can be used to identify the ecological needs of species under study and development and revitalization of its habitats.

Drought is a widespread phenomenon that its intensity varies in time and place. Drought monitoring using meteorological data alone, is not accurate due to small number and inadequate distribution of meteorological stations. Therefore, the use of remote sensing technique and vegetation indices is important as a useful integrated solution for the study of drought. The present study was conducted for Drought zoning in Yazd-Ardakan plain by combining meteorological and remote sensing data. In this research, data of meteorological stations of Yazd, Meybod and Mehriz between 2002 and 2015 have been used. First, the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was calculated in monthly scale for all three stations. The mean values of monthly SPI computed and mapped. Using Landsat images, the SAVI index was calculated and its map was prepared in 16 different times. Due to the role of the temperature in the occurrence of drought, the IDI (Integrated Drought Index) was calculated using temperature and precipitation and SAVI index. Zoning of mean SPI values showed that the lowest SPI values are in the middle, north and southeast and the highest values are related to the western heights of the plain. SAVI zoning showed that the rangelands of Meybod and Yazd regions have the lowest density. The correlation coefficient of SPI and SAVI values varies between 0.5 to 0.65, and larger values belong to Mehriz region. IDI values are lower in higher rangelands, meaning that these areas have been less affected by drought. The mean values of IDI in Mehriz, Yazd and Meybod regions reach a maximum of 5, 100 and 160. Temporal changes in drought indices showed that when rainfall increased, the IDI index decreased. The possibility of lag time between precipitation and changes in IDI was also observed. Comparison of monthly IDI values and rainfall showed that the time effect of rainfall on IDI index is about three months.

Large area of rangeland ecosystems, are being degraded as a result of overgrazing and continuous grazing of domestic livestock, and the vegetation and soil condition in them is not satisfactory. The present study investigates the changes in soil physical-hydraulic quality at different Levels of Management (including One-year grazing exclusion, low-intensity grazing and high-intensity grazing) in three locations of mountain Artemisia habitat of Rabar Southeast, Kerman province. For this purpose, in growing season of 2017, 30 soil samples with 3 replicates were taken from the soil surface horizon from each location, and the hydro-physical and chemical properties of soil such as; texture, bulk density, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, mean weight diameter, saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated moisture capacity, soil sorptivity and soil erodibility index were measured. By comparing the values of the characteristics in each place with respect to their critical level in the standard tables and considering the potential of the region and the weather conditions, the type and level of protection in each land were identified. Based on the results, applied grazing management had a significant effect on the mentioned indicators. So that intense grazing treatment caused an increase of 23.07% and 12.3% (p <0.05) of electrical conductivity compared to exclosure and low grazing treatment, respectively. Amount of organic carbon in the exclosure treatment decreased from 0.658% to 0.491% and 0.464% in the low and high grazing treatments, respectively. Also a significant decrease (p <0.01) in MWD of the aggregate diameter was observed due to grazing management compared to the exclosure treatment. From a physical-hydraulic point of view, the application of low and compared to the grazed management, while increasing thegrazing intensity caused a significant increase (p <0.05) in soil erodibility index. In general, according to the comparison of indicators with their standard limit; priority of protection in each of the exclisure, low and high intensity grazing; include no need for protection, basic protection, and full protection respectively.

With increasing population growth and increasing waste production, the need to determine the appropriate landfill for waste has increased. Therefore, the need for planning to determine the appropriate location for sanitary landfill is very important and menstrual. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are one of the most effective tools for selecting landfills. The purpose of this study is to locate the suitable landfill for Sahneh County. In this research, slope, distance from river, land use, distance from road, distance from fault have been used to determine the landfill. In order to locating the landfill GIS for extraction and necessary processing and from hierarchical analysis (AHP) used to measure criteria. The final weight in Analytic Hierarchy Process is given the highest score to the distance of the roads and the lowest score to the distance from the river. Based on the findings of this study, landfills in the study area can be classified into five categories. Very suitable areas for landfilling are> 20% slope, distance from roads 10000-20000 meters, distance River <6000 m, distance from fault <7000 m, land use of rocky outcrops with an area of 8139.79 hectares and 59.5% have a higher priority for landfilling in compliance with health and environmental standards and laws. Also, the analysis of the results of this study shows that areas designated for suitable landfill have highly desirable.