مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، تابستان 1402)

Therefore, in this study, the conditions of human comfort in Saghez city were evaluated using various bioclimatic indices such as Mahani, Terjong, Becker and psychometric diagrams. For this purpose, atmospheric elements of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine on a monthly scale during the 40-year statistical period (1979-2018) of Saghez meteorological station were used to achieve reasonable results. In the night condition, the conditions are more acute, so that except for the nights of July and August, when the conditions are comfortable, in other months of the year, low temperatures and cold weather have caused thermal dissatisfaction. According to the Terjong index, during the day only the months of April and October are in a pleasant condition, and the rest of the months of the year are in a warm to cool condition, and none of the months of the year are in a pleasant condition during the night. According to the psychrometric diagram, the highest comfort hours in the study area are related to October and May. Also, the lowest level of thermal comfort is related to the months of winter and summer. In general, in Saghez city, 7.3% of the months of the year (636 hours) are in the comfort zone and 92.7% of the months are not in the comfort zone. In general, the results of the study and comparison of different indicators show that in the study area, favorable and unpleasant bioclimatic conditions prevail, so that in summer and winter, hot and very cold bioclimatic conditions and unpleasant conditions prevail, respectively. In general, the months of May, October and to some extent April, June and September can be introduced as the most suitable months in terms of bioclimatic comfort in Saghez city based on the studied indicators.

The real war between countries in the coming decades will not be over energy or markets, but the real war over human capital. Therefore, countries need people whose talents and capabilities are developed in such a way that they have good knowledge, expertise, skills and creative thinking. In their path, entrepreneurs are involved with two important processes, i.e. discovering and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. In this regard, one of the effective factors in rural development that seeks national development and economic prosperity is entrepreneurship. In fact, entrepreneurship and opportunity recognition are tied to each other, and one of the most important parts of the entrepreneurial process is opportunity recognition. The inability of people to recognize these opportunities has been one of the reasons for the decrease in employment in the agricultural sector. This is also important in the villages, which constitute half of the country's population, because investment and Creating employment and entrepreneurship in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in the villages, in addition to improving the livelihood of the villagers and making the rural life more affordable, can lead to the development of the agricultural sector, reducing the economic pressure caused by Seasonal unemployment in the villages, the development of the villages and the economic prosperity of the country, in other words, the first step in rural development can be the creation of entrepreneurship, identifying entrepreneurial opportunities in rural areas. As a result of this article, which is prepared as a review, it tries to provide solutions by analyzing the entrepreneurialThe real war between countries in the coming decades will not be over energy or markets, but the real war over human capital. Therefore, countries need people whose talents and capabilities are developed in such a way that they have good knowledge, expertise, skills and creative thinking. In their path, entrepreneurs are involved with two important processes, i.e. discovering and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. In this regard, one of the effective factors in rural development that seeks national development and economic prosperity is entrepreneurship. In fact, entrepreneurship and opportunity recognition are tied to each other, and one of the most important parts of the entrepreneurial process is opportunity recognition. The inability of people to recognize these opportunities has been one of the reasons for the decrease in employment in the agricultural sector. This is also important in the villages, which constitute half of the country's population, because investment and Creating employment and entrepreneurship in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in the villages, in addition to improving the livelihood of the villagers and making the rural life more affordable, can lead to the development of the agricultural sector, reducing the economic pressure caused by Seasonal unemployment in the villages, the development of the villages and the economic prosperity of the country, in other words, the first step in rural development can be the creation of entrepreneurship, identifying entrepreneurial opportunities in rural areas. As a result of this article, which is prepared as a review, it tries to provide solutions by analyzing the entrepreneurial opportunities in the villages and the existing challenges. opportunities in the villages and the existing challenges.

Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life and increase in number and variety every day, are considered as a major challenge in achieving the sustainable development of human societies. Therefore, currently the dominant view has changed from focusing only on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience against accidents. The purpose of the current research is to explain the components of urban resilience against natural hazards with an emphasis on earthquakes in Semnan city. Therefore, this research is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of research method and it is practical in terms of purpose. In addition to documents and library studies, questionnaires have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the current study includes two groups of citizens and experts living in Semnan city, based on which the number of 22 experts and 376 citizens was determined. After collecting the field information that was completed using the questionnaire tool, using the strategic management technique or SWOT, the situation was investigated and the components of urban resilience against natural hazards such as earthquakes were investigated according to the calculations made in the quantitative methods of management. strategic by using the weighting of 4 main components (natural, physical and infrastructure, social and cultural and urban management) as well as examining internal or internal factors (IFE) and external or external factors (EFE) in addition to providing operational strategies to the strategy We achieved an offensive in this city.

The life, vitality and dynamics of cities in urban spaces are well felt and these spaces play a very important role in maintaining this life. A favorable city is defined as a city that responds to the needs of people of all walks of life, including children, the elderly, the disabled and healthy people. People with disabilities are less able to use public spaces than people with physical disabilities. Providing specific solutions to meet the needs of people with disabilities and simplify their lives requires special attention from urban managers. Here is a set of rules and guidelines. The task of urban designers is to interpret these recipes in a way that creates a beautiful and accessible city for everyone, and especially for the disabled. Undoubtedly, many people with disabilities spend more time at home than people with disabilities, and the most important reason for this is the lack of basic amenities and facilities for their presence. . In this article, it is attempted to generalize the culture of importance to the disadvantaged in society by taking into account some pre-implementation measures, in addition to saving future costs. Research Method In this paper is an analytical-descriptive method. In this article we discuss the challenges and present strategies.

One of the new approaches to urban development projects is the Urban Development Strategy (CDS) approach developed in 1999 with the goal of reducing poverty, sustainable development, promoting participation and creating good urban governance.The transition from authority-based planning to participatory planning with the aim of clearly defining the future of the city for urban residents practically causes the dynamism of the urban environment. On the other hand, the current urban development plans with the characteristics of dryness, dictatorship, from top to bottom, have created the lack of participation of the majority of citizens. The Urban Development Strategy Plan is a strategic approach that is now welcomed in many countries around the world, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the indicators of urban development strategy in Chabahar. Considering that the city of Chabahar also has a special strategic position in Iran. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Library, documentary, direct observation, questionnaire and interview methods were used to collect information. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.Research results show; there is a significant difference between the baseline limit (3) and the calculated value (2.63). Since the calculated amount is less than the standard, we conclude that the development situation of Chabahar city in the strategic index is unfavorable and unacceptable. So that the component of good urban governance with an average of 2.34 has the lowest and the component of banking with an average of 3.5 have the highest value. The results of the SWOT model also show that the best strategy for Chabahar is an offensive strategy.

Forests as one of the basic renewable resources they play an important role in creating a suitable platform for the development of economic and social activities. The role of the forest in maintaining water, soil and the balance of different ecosystems is very clear and effective from the economic point of view. Iran due to being located on the dry belt of the world, it is poor in the field of forest cover and it ranks among the last forested countries. The forests of Zagros, as the largest vegetation area of Iran and with an area of 5 million hectares, have about 40% of the total forests of Iran. These forests play a very important role in water supply, soil conservation, climate adjustment and economic and social balance in the whole country. The economic and social conditions governing this vegetation area have caused the residents of the forest areas to depend heavily on the forest resources of these areas to meet their livelihood needs. In many cases, it is stated that poor people in forest areas destroy forests because they have no other means of livelihood except the environment therefore, protecting them is very important. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the effect of rural poverty on the destruction of Zagros forests. The current research is of applied research type and in terms of analytical-descriptive research method and in the form of documentary-library study and scientific resources. The findings of this research showed that the low economic level of the village and the low income of rural households is one the reasons for the destruction of Zagros forests. Therefore, in this research, in order to reduce the amount Zagros forests, it is necessary to implement poverty alleviation policies in order to reduce the destruction Zagros forests.

National power is one of the greatest intellectual concerns of politicians in political and international relations. If a country has a high national power, it can fulfill its wishes without any obstacles. there are some powers that are not only in the world and the planet, but have such power, but also reach beyond the borders of the planet, and some are so weak that they are not able to satisfy their basic needs and desires. countries and the government should communicate with each other and have different behaviors with the aim of meeting needs and exercising will. National power has different origins and foundations that produce national power in a collective function. the main factors shaping the national power of countries are in various economic, political, military, social, scientific, etc. field. the purpose of this research is to identify the most important components of national power the methodology is descriptive-analytical. Data are gathered by documentary and library methods research findings suggest that sources of national power include (7) factors (geography-military-economic-cultural and social-spatial-scientific-political).

The industrialization of the life and the ever-increasing expansion of the population of metropolises have caused problems such as the increase in mental and physical diseases. One of the reasons for the increase of these diseases can be considered as being away from nature, green space and reducing health activities. As a result, knowing the health indicators in urban green spaces such as parks is not only effective in responding to the health needs and increasing the useful life of the people in the society, but it will also be effective in the level of satisfaction of the citizens and even tourists. The current research has been carried out with the aim of classifying and identifying the satisfaction components in urban parks with the approach of increasing the level of health. The method of this research is mixed (quantitative-qualitative). After examining the existing background and theoretical foundations, factors affecting satisfaction and increasing health in parks have been extracted and presented in the form of a conceptual model. Then, in order to measure validity, a questionnaire was prepared and completed by ten experts in the field of architecture and urban planning. Finally, the components affecting the satisfaction and health of parks in the form of a chart with five "physical" components with an index of climatic comfort, clear and positive scenery and visual diversity, access and legibility, safety and facilities and equipment, "functional" with an index of diverse uses and inclusiveness, health services, establishing order and legibility, holding cultural activities and celebrations, health activities and using new technologies, "social" with the index of individual interactions and social interactions, "economic" with the index of affordability and fairness and "Meaning" was presented with the index of mental peace and sense of security, and for each index, design solutions were introduced.

This paper evaluates land-use changes in Sracheshmeh copper mine using temporal Landsat satellite imageries during period of 1972 to 2017. This aim was accomplished based on maximum likelihood classification method and post classification change detection method. The study area was classified considering 4 main classes including mining area, industrial area, bare land and vegetation class. The results were validated by comparing to real data classes using overall accuracy and kappa coefficient methods with 95% and 0.94, respectively. Land use changes in Sarcheshmeh mining region were investigated through comparison between pair images of time period of 5 years including 1972-1984, 1984-1988, 1988-1993, 1998-2003, 2003-2008, 2008-2013, 2013-2018 and time periods of 16 years including 1972-1988, 1988-2003, 2003-2018 and time period of 48 years from 1972 to 2018. years indicating severe increase in mining and industrial classes to 15.4 and 3.6 km2, respectively. Based on the results, experts and managers can identify the amount of changes among different land-use classes and establish development and environmental policies toward sustainable development in mining areas.

A look at the evolution of village management and management approaches shows that rural governance has been considered as an effective and efficient approach to accountability, transparency, legality and accountability of local affairs, which can play an important role in achieving sustainable development. in this study, we tried to examine the role of rural governance in the economic sustainable development in Kahak district in Qom couanty. The research method is descriptive-analytic and for data collection, a documentary and survey method was used. Questionnaire and observation were ccollections tools. The statistical population of the study consists of 17 rural administrations (dehyars) and 34 members of islamic rural councils (IRCs). The validity of the questionnaire was assessed and confirmed by the opinion of the professors and experts of rural management. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and validated using Cronbach's alpha test at a very high level (0.91). In order to analyze of studied variables the SPSS software and statistical methods were used. The results of the research show that the rated rural-dominated villages in the studied villages is 3.7 and then the accountability with the score of 4.08 is the best. Also, analysis of variance test shows that governance influences on economic development and with increasing level of governance the level of economic development also increases. In this research, responsibility factor in the study area with coefficient of 0.453 is considered as the most important factor affecting economic development.

The tourism axis of the historical context of the old Saif Abad village due to its potential natural features and capabilities, climatic features, interesting ecological perspectives and various cultural and economic-livelihood attractions as one of the important natural-historical and tourism areas of Kazeroon city. it counts. The aforementioned environmental capabilities have made this region have the necessary capacities for any kind of planning, especially in various tourism sectors, and have created employment and improved the level of income generation of the natives of this village. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate and determine the tourist attractions of the old Saifabad village in order to formulate strategic plans for the development and promotion of tourism in the target village. The approach governing the current research is applied-developmental and its investigation method is descriptive-analytical. Library and field method (questionnaire) has been used to collect the required information. In order to analyze the questionnaire data and test the research variables, SPSS statistical software, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests as well as SWOT technique were used. The results of Pearson's test show a significant relationship at the 99% confidence level of correlation between the research variables and confirm the significant relationship between the increase in tourism development and the promotion of tourism in Saifabad village. The results of the regression test also show the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable of the research according to the beta rate and test statistic of the variables and the significance level of these variables. The results of the SWAT model also indicate the choice of a competitive strategy in relation to the state of tourism development in the target village.

Geotourism is a sort of tourism based on nature in terms of landscape and landforms, which focuses the sustainable use of geosites, including geomorphosites. Geological and geomorphological landforms which receive scientific, aesthetic, cultural and economic value from the human perspective, considered as geosites. The development of geotourism on geomorphosites could be conducted after the evaluation of geomorphosites in a tourist environment. In this paper, Bukan city has been studied and evaluated to determine the potential and identify geosites for the development of geotourism. To this aim, a qualitative method has been applied to identify geosites and the Comanesco model has been used for quantitative assessment of geosites. The results of the research indicate that the area of Bukan city has a high potential for the development of geotourism in all dimensions. Among the 12 selected geosites, Bukan dam with a score of 70 out of 100 has the highest quantitative value, and the coastal park with a score and value of 69 has a high potential for more attention in planning now. In addition, the medium to high value and the potential of the geosites of Kiwerash, Simine River, Qalaichi hill and Sotaw Hamamian plain can attract the highest rate of geotourism and tourism industry. Finally, it is concluded that with proper exploitation, creation of facilities and development of welfare infrastructure in the geotourist areas of Bukan city, a codified plan will be formed, and detailed planning and the use of geographic and environmental science experts to achieve this goal is the basis.

The right to the city is defined as a new form of citizenship so that all citizens can control and participate in the production of urban space. As half of the society, women do not have the opportunity to enjoy urban spaces equally compared to men. In this regard, although the space may be shared and the genders share it, but this issue will be different depending on different places and times, and as a result, gendered spaces are formed. Considering the importance of the issue, the aim of this article is to identify the pattern of presence in the female space on the right to the city with a gender-selective approach. In terms of purpose, the present research is practical and based on the method of data collection, it is descriptive-analytical survey type. The statistical population of the research is made up of women of Ardabil city, among them, 384 questionnaires were administered using Cochran's formula in a simple random manner. was distributed To analyze the collected data, one-sample t-tests and Friedman's test were used for ranking in Spss software. Based on the findings of the research, gender segregation in women's spaces is evaluated by women at an unfavorable level, and overall, the amount of gender segregation in women's spaces is less than the average (theoretical mean = 3) of all the investigated indicators. The results of Friedman's test also indicate that social and cultural criteria are more influential on gender segregation.

In order to evaluate the morphology and lateral changes of the river channel, four indices of curvature coefficient, central angle, migration rate and transect were used. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used to extract the duct in different time periods as well as to calculate geomorphic indices. The results show that the indicators used have a lot of spatial and temporal variability along the Zarrinehrood River. In the central angle index of the whole duct in the time periods of 1988, 2003 and 2019, it was equal to 89.9, 91 and 109.2 degrees, respectively, which was a slight increase in the value of the central angle over the past 30 years. In 1988, 2003 and 2019, we are 1.7 in the third period, 1.65 in the second period and 1.81 in the second period, respectively. In the transect method, 472 hectares of land have been destroyed and eroded in the last 30 years. Which is obtained to 15.2 hectares per year. This indicates the diversity of environmental conditions prevailing in the river channel and banks, as well as the transverse dynamics of the Zarrineh River. The morphology of the first interval is mainly in the control of two variables, geology and floods. Indicators and field visits indicate high and very active lateral mobility of the river channel in the second interval. Developed floodplain, erodible sides, abundance of floods, high flow and relatively high slope are among the most important factors affecting the morphological changes of this period. The morphology of the third interval is strongly influenced by sand extraction and canalization operations. The results also show that in recent years the rate of lateral changes of the river channel has decreased in all intervals. This is due to the significant reduction in river discharge.

Entrepreneurship is known as one of the most important efforts of rural development. Entrepreneurship in the rural context focuses on creating new job opportunities in rural areas and creating new risky jobs and has a wide range and variety. One of the effective factors in rural development is entrepreneurship; Because, entrepreneurship can play an effective role in improving the economic and livelihood situation of villages by creating new employment and income opportunities. For this reason, measuring the level of entrepreneurship of villagers and trying to develop and strengthen entrepreneurship in the process of rural development, by providing its initial grounds, is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the place and importance of rural entrepreneurship in sustainable development. This research is descriptive and library studies. For this purpose, in this research, it has been tried to use the documentary method of information required for collective research, which the description of this study shows that by diversifying economic activities by entrepreneurs to the strategic goals of rural development; It will increase human well-being, prevent the migration of villagers to cities, alleviate poverty and social justice, etc.

Good governance is the practice of political, economic and social management of a country's resources to achieve set goals. This practice includes solutions and institutions through which individuals and social groups have the ability to pursue their interests and legal rights, of course, taking into account the limitations. The world is used and countries are evaluated and ranked based on the determined components. This idea is currently very popular. Based on the defined components, the World Bank examines the state of governance in different countries and publishes its report officially and publicly. These reports are based on many internal and external decisions, judgments and debates, and in this sense, they are effective in the fate of countries. Is. According to the nature and type of the subject under study, the collection of information was based on the library and documentary method. The research results show that there is a direct relationship between the implementation of good governance and the realization of development.

Throughout history, territories have always been exposed to natural hazards (earthquakes, etc.) and human hazards (war) and have caused a lot of human and financial losses. Therefore, the importance of passive defense before and after the crisis in order to control and reduce the damages is undeniable. In this regard, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the use of urban land with an emphasis on passive defense, which has been carried out on a case-by-case basis in Ardabil city. The current research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose, and its statistical population consists of experts from Ardabil city, which, using the snowball method, 10 experts familiar with the city of Ardabil and the subject of non-functional Chedafand, were selected as the statistical sample of the research. , were selected and questioned. Also, SOAR strategic management model has been used to analyze the obtained data. The findings of the SOAR matrix implementation show that 4 strengths and 8 opportunities for non-active defense have been identified. Also, in this regard, 9 results and 3 ideals have been compiled (proper location of uses; Ardabil city, equipped with shelters for use in times of crisis; Ardabil city, safe city). The results of the research indicate that despite the existence of a comprehensive planning vacuum in the field of passive defense in Ardabil city, by using the SOAR positive thinking model and with strategic planning, we can hope to improve the performance of the system and reduce the vulnerability of this city.

The entrances of the city are among the important elements of the city scenery, which enable the communication of the space outside of a city, the city limits with its interior. In fact, these spaces represent and reflect the city's identity and are usually considered as one of the effective criteria in the judgment of newcomers about the city as a whole. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the physical-environmental components of the urban landscape in the entrance spaces of Ardabil city. The present study is applied in terms of its nature and descriptive, analytical and survey method. The statistical population of the research includes 15 experts and professionals in the urban planning profession in Ardabil city. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Validity of the research Using face validity, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.821. The resulting data were first analyzed using SPSS and Excel software, and then, after weighting the studied indicators. Using the Shannon entropy method, the selected entrances were ranked using the COPRAS model. The results of the implementation of the said model show that, in terms of physical-environmental criteria, the entrances of Tabriz-Ardebil, Astara-Ardebil (Fatemiyoun Square), Astara-Ardebil (Astara gate) and Mughan-Ardebil in rank E It is the first to the fourth and the entrance of Tehran-Ardebil is also in the last place. The obtained results indicate that among the studied inlets, the Tehran-Ardebila inlet does not have a favorable condition and is at an unfavorable level. Therefore, it is necessary to place this input in the priority of the intervention of urban planners and managers.

Ensuring justice and equality of educational opportunities is a fundamental issue in promoting social justice and human development in any society. However, in many developing countries, including Iran, deprived areas suffer from a lack of educational opportunities and resources. Sistan and Baluchistan province, located in southeastern Iran, is one such region with a high level of poverty and a lack of adequate educational facilities. Therefore, this study aims to design a model for justice and equality of educational opportunities in deprived areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province using the grounded theory method. The findings of this study suggest that designing a model for justice and equality of educational opportunities in deprived areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the roles of the government, the community, and teachers. The model developed in this study provides a framework for promoting social justice and human development through education in deprived areas. The implementation of this model could lead to significant improvements in the quality of education and the promotion of justice and equality in educational opportunities in Sistan and Baluchistan province.

Extreme weather and climate events have received increased attention in the last few years, due to the often-large loss of human life and exponentially increasing costs associated with them. These events have profound impacts on economies and livelihoods of many regions of the world. In this regard, diagnosis of extreme events in terms of intensity, duration, and frequency is crucial in order to frame mitigation and adaptation strategies to counter the impacts due to climate. The purpose of this research is to analyze the trend of changes in precipitation extreme indices to reveal the occurrence of climate change in Najaf Abad using 20-year daily statistics of Najaf Abad synoptic station from 2003 to 2022. For this purpose, the extreme indices of precipitation and the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test were used to investigate the changes. The results showed that the precipitation extreme indices present different patterns of intensity, duration and frequency of precipitation. PRCPTOT, CDD, CWD, R10mm, R20mm, R95p, Rx5day and SDII indices are decreasing and Rnnmm, R99p and Rx1day indices are increasing. But in general, due to the high dispersion and low amount of rainfall, the regional rainfall pattern cannot be clearly identified. The results of the analysis of the threshold indices of precipitation showed that the precipitation does not follow a regular trend and is irregular. The results of this research can provide solutions to workers and managers in line with correct management and use of other capacities to deal with possible situations. In addition, the combination of the results with long-term meteorological data and the perception of local communities affected by climate change can be examined and become a model for managers to make more appropriate and relevant decisions and plans.

The goal of the current research was the short-term and long-term effects of energy consumption in the industrial sector on inequality. The present research method is descriptive and non-experimental. The statistical population was Iran's information and statistics, based on the requirements of the research variables and based on the available statistics, the data of the years 1361 to 1395 was determined as the statistical sample of the research. The amount of energy consumption (oil, gas, solid fuels and electricity) in the country's industries was used as an independent variable, and information related to the Gini coefficient, the share of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%, and the average index of the total annual income of an urban/rural household were used as the dependent variables of the research.. ARDL regression model was used in Eviews10 software to analyze research hypotheses. The obtained results showed that in the long term, the consumption of energy in the industrial sector has a significant negative effect, and the consumption of electricity in the industrial sector has a positive and significant effect on the Gini coefficient. In the long term, the consumption of solid fuels and electricity in the industrial sector has a negative and significant effect on the share index of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%. Also, in the long term, the effect of consumption of petroleum products and electricity has had a significant positive effect on the average income of urban and rural areas. Energy consumption in the industrial sector of a country can help to reduce poverty in the country by increasing the income of the working class and the lower deciles of the society and make the distribution of income fair. In this context, cheap energies have had a better effect, but expensive energies have provided contradictory results.

The increase in carbon emissions and global warming, which is a vital issue in the world today, and the reason for the increase in this huge part of CO2 emissions is due to the consumption of fossil fuels, and this consumption is due to the fossil fuel trade. In recent decades, developing countries and developed countries have sought optimal planning and the use of appropriate methods to not only achieve their economic goals, but also the damage done to the environment through the consumption of fossil fuels. Minimize. In this study, focusing on the effective channels of fossil fuel trade (transportation and GDP), it examines these effects on CO2 emissions in selected developing countries and developed countries for the years 2014-2000. The econometric methods used in this paper are multivariate linear regression patterns estimated by the ordinary least squares method. The results showed that the extent of these effects of fossil fuel trade in the fossil fuel consumption channel in the transportation sector and production channel (industry), on carbon emissions have a significant relationship in developed countries and developing countries. CO2 emissions are a global issue, causing global warming and ultimately damaging the environment (climate change) and causing unpredictable costs for both developing and developed countries. The following are policy conclusions and recommendations to prevent this publication

System of Rivers is greatly influenced by active tectonics and rate this effect can be measured by their deviation rate and recent characteristics of tectonic activities. Longitudinal profile of rivers is affected by lithology, renewal processes of erosion which is caused by tectonics and level of groundwater. Changes in flow, bed load and resistance of lithology, tributaries and tectonic movements are important in the development of profiles and interpretation of general form of longitudinal profile. The longitudinal profile gives valuable information about evolution and environment changes of a river over time. Studying longitudinal profile of the rivers are important in many applied aspect such as flood control, quality and efficiency of reservoirs, watershed, etc. The present study is an analysis of lithology and tectonics in longitudinal profile river of Ghale chay in the western slopes of the Sahand Mountain (Ghale chay basin). Morphometric measurements were used for the aims of the current study. The following indexes are used in this paper; Stream length-gradient index (SL), (SL/K), Concavity index, hypsometric curve analysis and hypsometric integral. Generally, index measurement indicates assessments showed that tectonically the region is relatively active and in various parts the amount of activity is different, that is, all indexes are more active in downstream basin than other parts. Moreover, by using SL and Concavity index and geologic formations throughout profile of the river, it was found that the effect of lithology on longitudinal profile of the river was moderate.

The aim of this research is to investigate the pedestrian implementation navigation: principles and guidelines for designing and adaptation of pedestrian walkways in cities and its importance for compatibility with pedestrian in urban streets. In this research, descriptive and library research methods were used. To collect data, reference sources, articles, and methods used in appropriate implementation of pedestrian walkways in cities were used. Then, by analyzing and studying these resources, principles and guidelines for designing and adaptation of pedestrian walkways in cities were obtained. The results of this research show that the adaptation of pedestrian walkways in cities can lead to improvements in physical activity, quality of life, reduction of transportation and urban parking problems, increase in green space, reduction of urban inflation, reduction of air pollution and urban traffic, improvement of citizens' health, and improvement of mood and mental health. Therefore, appropriate implementation of pedestrian walkways in cities for compatibility with pedestrian in urban streets is very important and leads to improvements in the quality of life of citizens. The purpose of this article is to examine the benefits of pedestrian walkways in cities and how appropriate design of pedestrian walkways can help improve the quality of life of citizens, reduce transportation and urban parking problems, increase green space, reduce urban inflation, reduce air pollution and urban traffic, improve citizens' health, and improve mood and mental health. Given that pedestrian walkways are recognized as a healthy and sustainable mode of transportation in cities, appropriate design and implementation of pedestrian walkways in cities is crucial for the growth and development of cities.

An area of 632,112 square meters is reserved for residential use, which is equivalent to % 50.16 of the entire area of the city. According to the population of 1395, which is estimated at 7,465 people, it is 84 square meters per person, which is 34 square meters more than the maximum per person approved for cities with less than 20,000 people (which is equal to 60 square meters). The usable residential area of 195,912 square meters is more than the desired area and indicates that there is no deficit of housing in Kalvanaq. With the forecast of 8718 people for the 1408 year, the number of residential units needed in the current situation for the city of Kalvanaq is equal to 409 units. Considering that there are about 29 hectares of cacant and small-scale land within the confine city, of which% 60 of this use will be allocated to housing in the proposed plan, the deficit of housing in the city of Kalvanaq will be solved publicly; But the lack of legal transparency and the existence of various clauses and notes about the change of land use, has caused the development of the city to take place more by destroying agricultural lands. The research is applied in terms of type and in terms of essence and method combined, using the facilities that existed in the FUZZY function of IDRISI Kilimanjaro, it was used to standardize maps, which aims to protect agricultural lands. and a garden has been done outside the confine city. The results show the capabilities of the Gis system in using prominent elements and indicators of the country in zoning the susceptible (arid) areas of the confine city for future urban expansion so as to cause the least damage to agricultural and garden lands.

Today's urbanization by blindly following the stereotyped model of urban development and ignoring local characteristics has caused the instability of cities and their surrounding areas, and the increasing growth of the urban population in recent years has caused unplanned development to cities. In the meantime, the most pressure has been placed on agricultural lands and gardens, and due to the inability of urban plans, the weakness of urban management in controlling the land market, the city has spread sporadically and by grabbing the agricultural lands and the environment of the suburbs, it has gradually undermined them. and it has caused the destruction of agricultural lands. The city of Kalvanaq, located in Heris city, like all the cities of Iran, is not exempted from this rule. Therefore, this research is descriptive and analytical and practical in terms of purpose which, with a critical attitude, is trying to formulate and process the uncertainties in the laws of protection of agricultural lands and the environment, by identifying susceptible areas to development within the boundaries of the city of Kalvanaq, the feasibility of the TDR method to prevent the change of use of agricultural and garden lands outside the boundaries put the city and its protection to the test. The results of the classified map of the areas of receiving and transferring development rights are according to national standards.

Rainfall is considered as one of the most important climatic elements and main and determining components in the water balance of any region. In addition to being semi-arid, the north-western region of Iran, due to its mountainous nature, witnesses many temporal and spatial changes in terms of precipitation. In this research, a time series was used to predict the annual rainfall of selected stations in the northwest of Iran including: Tabriz, Orumiyeh, Saqez, Zanjan, Sanandaj and Khoy during a statistical period of 61 years (1961-2021). In order to evaluate the stationarity of the model, the autocorrelation function was used, and the unstable data were converted to static data using the differentiation method. Then, the random models were evaluated to determine the best model to fit the rainfall of the stations. The distribution of time series and the trend analysis of the equation of the regression line of precipitation in the north-west synoptic stations in terms of millimeters show that the slope of the line in all stations has a decreasing trend and the decrease in precipitation in the stations is between 1 and 3 mm per year. It is estimated. Among the moving average (MA), autoregression (AR), autocorrelated moving average (ARMA) and autocorrelated cumulative moving average (ARIMA) models, according to the absolute value of the T statistic, it is greater than 2, P-value is less than 0.5 0 and the lowest value of Akaike information criterion (AIC), the (0, 0, 1) AR model for Saqez, Zanjan, Orumiyeh, Khoi and Tabriz stations and the (1, 0, 1) ARIMA model for Sanandaj station were determined as the best models. The forecast results show an increase in rainfall for 2023 and a decrease in rainfall for 2024 and 2025.

Today, education is recognized as a key factor in the process of comprehensive growth and development of societies It is the basis of development as a whole. Expanding and improving educationcan help reduce inequality in society and accelerate the development process.The purpose of the research is to explain the educational development in the cities of Kurdistan province. The present research is applied and its implementation method isanalytical-descriptive.The statistical population is the cities of Kurdistan province. According to the purpose of studying the educational development of Kurdistan province, 20educational indicators including entropy model for weighting, scattering coefficient to determine the scattering of indices, two models SAW and SAR and a combined method for leveling and determining the extent of enjoyment Cities were used. Due to the fact that in the research, two models were used to level the cities and because the rank of some cities was variable, the combined method was used to Merge the results. The results show that 40% of the cities are Relatively enjoyed (Sarvabad, Bijar, Qorveh and Dehgolan), 50% are Half enjoyed (Kamyaran, Divandere, Marivan, Sanandaj and Saqez) and Baneh is Relatively deprived These results indicate inequalityamong cities in having an educational index. Among the 20 research indicators, the highest differences and inequalities were related to the ratio of staff to students in primary school and the ratio of educational facilities to students in junior high school, respectively, and the lowest were related to the ratio of those admitted to junior high school, respectively. The total number of junior high school students and the ratio of those admitted to the junior high school to the total number of junior high school students is According to the results, it was found that there is inequality between the cities of the province in having indicators of educational development.

Earthquake is one of the natural risk factors known as the most destructive disaster in human life. Unfortunately, in several cities in our country, for example in Manjil, Roudbar, Salmas, and Bam, … many people lost their lives .in the past earthquakes. Tabriz city, due to its proximity to the northern Fault and its unplanned development like outskirt areas as well as its historical and old texture is in danger of the earthquake disaster. When an earthquake happens on a large scale, it would destroy structures and leads to injury and even death of people, so site selection for accommodating and transfer of victims immediately and quickly after the earthquake is an important subject in crisis management. It is also important to provide their primary needs for food, clothing and medical relief. Temporary settlement sites must be selected before a disaster happens, to fulfill the crisis management process conveniently. Indeed, temporary site selection requires proper evaluation and employment of specific criteria. Some of the criteria considered in this study are population density, building concentration, access to pathways network, proximity to urban installations, hospitals and therapeutic centers and access to open areas. It is not appropriate to plan one or two large camps for damaged people rather it is necessary to have several camps incordance to the scale of the problem and with the reasonable distribution. Analysis and examination of such vast information need a powerful tool and technique. Albeit being a new approach and a less than decades lifetime, Geographical Information System plays an important role in urban planning and urbanism and helps planners to make quick, precise, and cost-effective decisions. (e.g., network analysis, AHP). In this study temporary settlement sites around Tabriz city are identified by using the techniques of GIS.