نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 34 (خرداد 1397)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of student political activities on university independence process in Iran during 1320 to 1346 (1942-1971). The present research seeks to answer the question; what effects do the student activities in the form of political parties during the 1320 to 1346 (1942-1971) had on the independence of universities. In addition, the author seeks to examine how the government and university authorities behaved with student activists in this period. the main hypothesis of this study is that in 1321 Ali Akbar Siasi led to the independence of Tehran University in terms of administration and military and government forces didn’t have the right to enter and intervene in the campus any longer. However, with the formation of student activities in the twenties, government and military forces tried to influence politics at the University by punishing students and university authorities also seek to preserve the autonomy of universities. This study enjoyed historical research method, which was descriptive analytical. The findings show that student political activities on campus eventually led to government intervention in the first half of the forties, with the adoption of the new rules, thus trying to undermine the independence of universities and university officials, due to regime pressure, were forced to accept the force accordingly.

In investigation of the articles of civil code and referring to religious contexts, we sometimes meet cases even though a person has ownership right, he is not permitted to do all material and legal possessions in his property. For example, according to article 793 and 794 of civil code, the area of the mortgagor’s material and legal possessions has been limited. Also according to article 460 of civil code the buyer in optional sale despite having the ownership right in the sale goods of the optional sale is forbidden from possessions which are against the seller’s right of option. The cause of these prohibitions is the probability of the extinction of the owner’s right and the existence of a right for another person in that property. Generally, ownership is a stable right but in some cases the characteristic of stability trans to instability and in these cases we face “instable ownership”. This article intends to explain the concept of the instable ownership, the characteristics and some causes of this kind of ownership and the results of it.

The factors and pillars of establishing the relationships between Iran and Pakistan and its nature as being challenging or not have been the basis of the different regional orientations of each of these two countries toward each other. Influential parameter and factors such as Iran-Arab relations in the Persian Gulf, the issue of terrorist groups living in Pakistan, the Syrian-Yemen issue, the Arab Spring, and relations with India, etc. The same factors have created a structure and security orientation of the foreign policy of the two countries. Despite the security structure of Iran and Pakistan's foreign policy toward each other, the two countries have never led to struggle, and both Iran and Pakistan have tried to balance their relationship. According to the current research, the most important factor in the balance of relations between Iran and Pakistan, despite the prospect of foreign security policy, is the compulsion of geopolitical and neighboring issues of the two sides. Accordingly, the present paper presents the question of what is the basis of Iran-Pakistan relations? In response to this question, the basic hypothesis is that Iran-Pakistan relations are based on securitization in foreign policies of both countries, and the most important factor of stabilizing in relations between them is the geopolitical and neighboring necessities, which is like a counterweight between the two sides which prevents direct and radical clashes and forces them to respect each other's legitimate interests.

Various reasons have led to the radicalization of some Islamist groups in some Islamic countries like Syria. These factors can be found in elements such as identity, depression and distrust, the perception of insecurity and irresponsibility, the expansion of Western culture in Islamic countries and the contradiction of Islamic values with Western culture, the lack of consolidation of the culture of rationalism and democracy in Islamic Countries. Also, the humiliating and insulting attitude of the West towards Muslims, as well as the dependence of some leaders of Islamic countries, especially Arab, on Western countries, and the lack of attention of some political systems to the needs of the people have affected this. The support of the Arab media for the spread of extremism in the Muslim world and the Western media and the interventionist policies of some regional countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar, have contributed to the spread of terrorism. In the Syrian crisis, there are various influences of internal and external conflicts that can be grouped into different criteria, such as historical and modern, geographic criteria, and regional affiliation.

This research is generally discussed based on Turkey's foreign policy foundations, but due to the recent developments in Iraq and its neighboring countries and the region, and the collapse of the balance of power, the centrality of Iraq's future in foreign policy Turkey, in particular, has the largest Kurdish population among neighboring countries, and Kurdish climate formation in modern Iraq has threatened Turkish leaders with the future of this ethnic minority and forced them to react actively to Has already given this. In this chapter, we will look at the evolution of Iraq from independence to US invasion.

Globalization has become as one of the most important new concepts in the field of social sciences such as economics, political science, sociology, communications, and so on. despite the many opportunities and benefits in various dimensions such as economic, commercial, and communication for governments. it raised concerns about poverty, environmental issues and various diseases. it should be noted that, its effects vary from one state to another, and it a large extent depends to the governments to expose themselves to globalization. Concerning the phenomenon of poverty and its relation to globalization, especially for developing countries, there are two opposing and agreeing theoretical views. Hence, the main question of the article is how has globalization impacted poverty particularly in developing countries? In this regard, the author has, followed the opposite theoretical view, to examine the hypothesis that globalization has not only not increased poverty, but it has largely led to poverty reduction in developing countries. In the study, using descriptive-analytical and quantitative research methods, the research has been validated and hypothesized the poverty situation, by presenting related figure and statistics in developing countries.

Understanding of political identity in the face of political and social forces in Iran opens up a perspective on understanding the social and political developments. The defeat of the first Constitutional revolution and political repression from the government side cause to the main concern (political identity) go into eclipse. After Reza Shah's dictatorship, a period of flexibility and mobility emerged and the rise of religious groups and social causes. After the fall of Mossadegh, the second Pahlavi banned all political activitiesin a way that Islamic activities have continued covertly. This current includes a variety of groups, forties with maximum definition of Islam, tried to locate Islamic and Iranian identity in front of the ancient identity and This aim under the shadow of Imam Khomeini (RA) leadership and thoughts of Shari'ati became possible. In this study Trough historical methods of analysis and relying on internal logic to the question of whether Thomas Springs asked: how was the discourse of political Islam formed during the second Pahlavi?

The extradition Institution seeks to enforce justice and prevent the creation of safe havens for criminals. Nevertheless, many countries refuse to extradite criminals to countries that have retained the death penalty, while international law does not prohibit the death penalty yet. This approach is inspired by the European Court of Human Rights and many legal systems of the countries abolishing the death penalty. In this article, the importance of the institution of extradition and the legal status of the death penalty is explained and The practice of the European Court of Human Rights and some national systems is being examined, and three ways to overcome this challenge are presented: the abolition of the death penalty in the requesting states, ensure adequate guarantees of non-execution of the death penalty in the event of extradition, trial the criminal in the country that crime is done.

Today, the right to a fair trial is one of the most fundamental implications of human rights at international level. Therefore, in order to observe justice and institutionalize human rights' standards, one of the essential requirements for a fair trial and respect for human rights is the "right to an attorney " in the criminal proceedings without which one of the fundamental human rights, namely, the right to a fair trial will not be realized. The purpose of the present study is to examine the historical foundations and background of the right to an attorney and, on the other hand, to examine the theoretical foundations and the reasons justifying this right in the process of criminal procedure using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research showed that the right to defense counsel was established after formation of an adversarial system. Moreover, two adversarial and inquisitorial systems have had a significant impact on the formation and development of the right to an attorney throughout the world. In addition, historical studies have shown that the guarantee of the right to an attorney is always the responsibility of government. Moreover, considering the said theoretical foundations in this study, it seems that the main basis for lawyer intervention in the criminal procedure process is guaranteeing the fair trial. Therefore, two approaches including; justice based and benefit based models are proposed in this regard. Finally, we could say that there is a close and interactive relationship between due process, the right to fair trial and the right to an attorney. Therefore, each of these rights could be considered a prerequisite for the other.

Until the Islamic Revolution, Iran had defined its security approach in the region in a coalition with the West, in particular the United States along with Saudi Arabia, it played a role in the western-backed on the framework of two-pillar security strategy. After the revolution and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran moved independently to adopt a security policy and tried to define itself outside of the strategies and approaches of the East and West blocs. In this regard, cooperation and partnership with the governments of the Middle East region were prioritized in order to formulate regional security arrangements. The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, like other countries, is affected by factors and variables at three levels: domestic, foreign, and individual. Iran's foreign policy, like any other phenomenon and political process, is not formed in a vacuum; it is also due to the context, and social, cultural, geographic and economic conditions of this country. In this article; this question is to be answered whether the goals of the eleventh government's foreign policy set the Islamic Republic of Iran as a developing and powerful country in the Middle East? The hypothesis of this article also is that "the influence of discourse in the eleventh state" as the main component of the development and advancement of the Islamic Republic of Iran as the supreme regional power.

Saudi Arabia, as one of the most important countries in the Persian Gulf region, has long been a focus of attention for international affairs researchers. Saudi Arabia’s important position and its profound influence on the region and the world are rooted in a number of factors including its rich oil and gas resources, the Holy Shrines located in the country, the annual Hajj pilgrimage, and the close-knit ties the country and its royal family keep with the United States. In this context, Saudi Arabia's foreign policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran and understanding the factors influencing it are of great importance to decision makers in Iran. In this study, among the many factors influencing the Saudi foreign policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran, we are looking for the most effective ones between 2000 and 2017. Relations with the United States, oil, the contrast between Saudi Arabia’s monarchy and Iran’s democracy, as well as differences between Wahhabism and revolutionary Islam, and regional rivalry are found to be among the most important factors influencing the Saudi foreign policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran.

With the collapse and disintegration of the Soviet Union, it was expecting that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was completely eliminated as a Cold War institution. But unlike the organizations and institutions such asthe Warsaw Pact, not only NATO was not dissolved, But prepared itself for new tasks in the post-Cold War period and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The fact that why despite removing the risk of communism and the loss of formation philosophy, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization did not face with the risk of dissolution and collapse, and even began its development and expansion? The researchers of the present paper seek to answer with an explanative method. Therefore, the theory of this paper claims that in the perceptions of NATO leaders, though great danger was erased by the Soviet Union collapsed, But the re-empowerment of the Russians, the instability caused by the change in the political systems of formerly communist countries, the danger of terrorism, and governments and groups equipped with weapons of mass destruction were threats that could challenge the international order and security of the post-war world. Therefore, maintaining NATO's military organization in order to counteract with these threats became to irrefutable necessity for NATO leaders.

The disintegration of the Korean peninsula after the World War II, and its consolidation after the bloody war between the two Koreas, have created two totally different governments and consequently, two different nations on either side of the Korean Peninsula. On one hand, South Korea has used its reliance and alliance with the U.S. and has created a liberal and developmental government. On the contrary, North Korea has developed a socialist government based on its so called Juche ideology which significantly relies on the personality of its great leader of communist party and has prioritized its defense capability development based on nuclear and missile deterrence over economic development. Despite the fundamental and structural difference between the two governments and their political strategies, Korean Reunification remains an integral part of their constitution and the ultimate goals of the leaders of the two countries, which has resulted in unification models provided by both sides in order to achieve this mutual goal. With the knowledge of its weaker position, North Korea has introduced a confederative model based on a country, two governments system, indicating its priority for survival and preventing its probable deterioration by the dynamic economy of South Korea. In return, South Korea has taken a gradual approach toward unification, with hope to face reforms in North Korea which tries to keep pace and avoid a sudden unification with high costs for South Korea. It indicates that South Korea while preparing for the collapse of North Korea or the occurrence of Unification, tries to spread its democratic system and liberal economy throughout the peninsula.