نشریه دانشور پزشکی
پیاپی 166 (امرداد و شهریور 1402)

Diabetes mellitus is associated with memory impairment. Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural polyphenol with anti-diabetic and neuroprotective effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of ellagic acid on diabetes induced memory impairment and to evaluate the role of its antioxidant effect. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8): control, diabetic, diabetic receiving 25 mg/kg of EA, and diabetic receiving 50 mg/kg of EA. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). After receiving EA (once a day) by oral gavage for four weeks, passive avoidance learning (PAL) test was used to evaluate memory. Finally, oxidative stress related factors including malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated in the hippocampal tissue separated from the animal brains under deep anesthesia. Diabetic animals showed marked reductions in step-through latency (STLr) and elevation in time spent in the dark compartment (TDC)  in the retention trial and elevation of MDA level and diminution of TAC compared to controls significantly. Treatment of diabetic rats with EA markedly increased STLr, decreased TDC and enhanced TAC (by both EA doses) and reduced MDA (at a dose of 50 mg/kg of EA). The results displayed learning and memory improving effect of EA in diabetic rats via attenuating oxidative stress.

Complications in the anatomy of the root canal system are considered one of the main limitations during endo treatment. Considering the effect of ethnicity and race on the shape and number of root canals, this study was conducted to determine the anatomy of the root canal in mandibular premolar teeth using CBCT in Rafsanjan city, In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 186 CBCT radiographs of patients who visited an oral and maxillofacial radiology clinic were examined. After preparing the graphs using Romexis 3.8.3.or software, The number of roots and canals of the first and second premolars of the mandible and also the type of canals were evaluated in the axial and sagittal images. Vertucci's classification was used to examine root morphology. The fisher’s exact test was used and the significance level in the tests was considered 0.05. In terms of canal type observed in premolar teeth, 180 (88.2%) type one , 7 (3.4%) type three canal , 1 (0.5%) type four, 9 (4.4%) had type five , 1 (0.5%) had type six and 6 (2.9%) had type seven . Also, in second premolar teeth, 109 (98.2%) had type one 1 (0.9%) type three and 1 (0.9%) type five canal teeth. It should be noted that in none of the studied stereotypes, channels with type 2 and 8 were not found. In the Iranian race, the prevalence of two roots in the first and second premolars of the mandible was significantly higher in females than in males

A complex of restricted naïve lymphocytes in conjunction with an age-associated accumulation of senescent T cells and/or thymic involution are major contributors to the immunosenescence, which can be modulated by exercise training. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 10-week endurance training in water on immunosenescence in elderly rats.

16 rats (24 months old) were randomly distributed into control group (n=8) and endurance training (n=8). Endurance training was performed in 4 sessions per week in a container with dimensions of 50x50x100 with water at 30±1ºC. Data were analyzed by independent sample T test with SPSS software version 22 at significance level <0.05.

There was a significant difference between the two training and control groups in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, naïve TCD8+ and lymphocytes, senescent TCD8+, senescent naïve TCD8+ (P=0.01), while significant difference was not observed between thymus weight (P=0.43) and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio (P=0.29).

The results of this study suggest that endurance training in water is a safe activity for elderly in order to improve the immune system and reduction of senescence-prone T cells.

High-cholesterol diet and ensuing oxidative stress causes development of various neurologic disorders. Considering anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the anise (Pimpinella anisum) plant, the effect of its hydroalcoholic extract on hippocampal oxidative stress and cholinesterase activity was assessed in rats under high-cholesterol diet. In this experimental study, rats were divided into control, extract-treated control, high cholesterol diet, and extract-treated high cholesterol diet. After 8 weeks, treated groups also received extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg (i.p.) for 3 weeks and high-cholesterol diet was given till the end of the study. Then, after preparing hippocampal homogenate, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and oxidative stress factors including reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and catalase activity were determined. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests were used for statistical analysis of data. High cholesterol diet significantly increased hippocampal BChE activity and ROS level and significantly decreased GSH and catalase activity. Conversely, extract treatment of group under high-cholesterol diet caused significant decrease of ROS and BChE activity and significant increase of GSH and with no significant effect on catalase activity. Consumption of anise hydroalcoholic extract under high-cholesterol diet reduces hippocampal oxidative stress and cholinesterase activity and this may lower associated neurological complications.

High-cholesterol diet and ensuing inflammation cause liver disorders and damage. Considering the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the anise plant, the effect of its hydroalcoholic extract on the activity of liver enzymes was assessed in rats under a high-cholesterol diet. In this experimental study, rats were divided into control, extract-treated control, high cholesterol diet, and extract-treated high cholesterol diet. After 8 weeks, that the control groups received normal food and the high-fat groups received high-cholesterol food, treated groups also received extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg (i.p.) for 3 weeks and consumption of high-cholesterol diet continued till the end of study. At the end, after obtaining blood samples, serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes was measured. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests were used for the statistical analysis of data. High-cholesterol diet significantly increased serum activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Conversely, extract treatment of the group under a high-cholesterol diet caused a significant decrease in the activity of these enzymes. Consumption of anise hydroalcoholic extract under a high-cholesterol diet reduces the serum level of liver enzymes and this may lower the incidence of liver diseases.

Recently, performing regular sports activities due to the release of Myokines has been considered as a suitable strategy for rehabilitation, control of complications and consequences related to Covid-19. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of plasma levels of Irisin, Follistatin and FGF21 to aerobic training in women recovered from Covid-19. 22 women recovered from Covid-19 in Abadan and Khorramshahr cities were divided into two groups of 11 people, including the aerobic exercise group and the control group, after a general call and selection. The aerobic exercise group performed the exercise protocol with an intensity of 50 to 70% of the reserve heart rate for eight weeks (three sessions per week). Before and after the end of the training protocol, blood samples were collected and Irisin, Follistatin and FGF21 levels were measured by ELISA method. The data were analyzed using the statistical test of covariance (ANCOA) at p<0.05. Based on the comparison of data between the groups, values of Irisin (P<0.05), Follistatin (P<0.05) and FGF21 (P<0.05) in the aerobic group significantly increased as compared to the control group. Also, intragroup changes of Irisin (P<0.05), Follistatin (P<0.05) and FGF21 (P<0.05) also showed that there is a significant increase between the average before and after the aerobic group. Performing aerobic exercises in women recovered from Covid-19 can be effective in restoring their Myokine profile

Obesity by expansion of adipose tissue and changing its secretory profile has undesirable effects on the other body tissues. However, different types of exercise training because of their role for improving lipid metabolism, considered as an effective strategy to combat obesity. Accordingly, changes in the plasma levels of WISP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 after 12 weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) in women with type 2 diabetes were investigated in the present study. In this study, 36 type-2 diabetic women with an age of 46.95±3.49 years participated in this study, which randomly assigned into three groups including HIIT, MICT and control groups. The exercise training program conducted as HIIT (90% maximum heart rate) and MICT (60-70% maximum heart rate) for 12 weeks and three sessions per week. For measurement of variables, blood sampling conducted before and after (48 hours after the last training session) 12 weeks of exercise training in fasting state. For data analysis, analysis of covariance test along with Bonferroni's post hoc test were used. According to present findings, WISP-1 levels reduction was significant in HIIT (p<0.001) and MICT (p=0.007) groups. ICAM-1 levels also showed a significant decrease in HIIT (p<0.001) and MICT (p<0.001) groups. However, the reduction of VCAM-1 levels was significant only in the HIIT group (p=0.031). These changes were associated with a significant decrease in insulin resistance in HIIT and MICT groups (p<0.001). The present findings showed the positive effects of exercise training (HIIT and MICT) for decreasing inflammatory and cardiovascular risk factors. Because of greater effects observed for HIIT, participating in this type of training program could be very important for obese people.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is related to the nervous system that is associated with chronic inflammation and failure of immune system responses. Exercise activities have been considered in the treatment process of MS patients. Considering the effects of immune system indices, especially cytokines in MS, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of combined exercise training at home on inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-6 (IL-17) in patients with MS. 42 patients with MS were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The subjects in the experimental group participated in a 6-month home-based combined exercise training, five times a week. Blood samples were taken for cytokines measurement. Also, developed physical disability status (EDSS), and gait-related performance were assessed before and after the exercise training. SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the results and the significance level was P<0.05. TThe present study showed an improvement in the EDSS index in people with MS, which coincides with an improvement in gait function (P <0.05). Moreover, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17 decreased significantly in the exercise group (P <0.05).
Prolonged exercise training at home was associated with a significant decrease in inflammatory cytokines and improved function in patients with MS. It seems that this type of exercise training can be effective in the possible improvement of immune system responses, especially inflammatory responses, and can be considered as a complementary therapy along with adjunctive therapies for these patients.