Journal of Alternative Veterinary Medicine
Volume:6 Issue: 16, 2023

Heavy metals such as lead can have negative effects on the nervous system. Anxiety is one of the most common neurological disorders that can be induced under the influence of lead. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum; HEPL) on anxiety in rats treated with lead acetate.

Male rats were divided into 6 groups of 10. The control group did not receive drug treatment, but the sham group animals received 1 ml of distilled water as lead acetate solvent by intraperitoneal injection. The animals of the Lead group received lead acetate at a dose of 20 mg/kg and the animals of the HEPL200 group received HEPL at a dose of 200 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. The animals of the Lead+HEPL100 and Lead+HEPL200 groups received lead acetate with a dose of 20 mg/kg as an intraperitoneal injection 2 hours before the intraperitoneal injection of HEPL with a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. The study period in all groups was 21 days. At the end of the study, the open field test was used to measure anxiety behavior including the parameters of Grooming (cleaning the body, face and legs), Rearing (standing on two rear legs) and Crossing (crossing the lines). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test.

The results of this study showed that there was a significant decrease in the number of Grooming, Rearing and Crossing in the Lead group compared to the control and control groups (P<0.05). In the Lead+HEPL200 group, a significant increase in the number of Grooming, Rearing and Crossing was observed compared to the Lead group (P<0.05).

Lead can cause anxiety behaviors in male rats. However, administration of HEPL can improve anxiety behaviors in male rats treated with lead acetate.

The presence of parasites in the digestive system causes various lesions that vary in severity depending on the type and number of parasites. These disorders include diarrhea, anorexia, weakness, weight loss, decrease in animal production, decrease in absorption of food, and in acute and super acute forms cause death. Considering the importance of the infection of sheep with various gastrointestinal parasites, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of raw garlic on the intestinal parasites of sheep.

This experiment was conducted for 2 months from the first of November to the end of December. For this project, 40 sheep with an average weight of 58.5 kg (Averaged) were used. Animals were divided into the control group, the positive control group (drug recipient), the group receiving 10 grams of garlic (per head), and the group receiving 20 grams of garlic (per head). For this research, in addition to counting the number of parasite eggs by flotation method, the Famacha test and hematocrit test were performed and for data analysis, CRD completely random design was used.

The results showed that the Famacha test of sheep receiving garlic decreased (P<0.05) However, the results of the hematocrit test of sheep were not significantly different from the control (P>0.05). Also, the addition of garlic to the diet of adult sheep decreased the number of Strongell, Marshalalgia, Nematodirus, Trichius, and the total number of parasite eggs per gram of feces (EPG), which was significant (P<0.05). In general, it can be said that adding 20 grams of garlic to the diet reduced the number of parasite eggs.

The results of the present research show that the amount of consumption of English eggs in sheep that are used with anti-parasitic drugs is very high. For this purpose, anti-parasitic drugs or medicinal plants that have anti-parasitic effects should be used. As found in this research, the use of high levels of raw garlic in the diet reduces digestive parasites and also increases blood mass.

 Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration has been accepted as a reliable tool in diagnosing and staging intra-abdominal tumors. The purpose of this research was to investigate the value of fine needle aspiration with the help of ultrasound in diagnosing local lesions of the spleen in dogs.

 This study used twenty dogs (twelve males and eight females) suspected of spleen malignancy with a mean age of 9.3 years. The ultrasonography of each dog was prepared in the ventrodorsal and right lateral recumbency. The dogs were scanned by subcostal and intercostal methods. Sampling was done with the help of spinal needle No. 21 with a length of 10 cm (through fine needle aspiration). The results of aspiration were compared with the results of biopsy, surgery, other clinical examinations, radiological information, and subsequent ultrasonography during the treatment period. After summarizing and final diagnosis, the diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration was evaluated by calculating its accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity.

 According to our results, the accuracy of this method was 92%, and the sensitivity and specificity of this technique for malignant spleen lesions were 93.5% and 91%, respectively. It should be noted that most of the false negative cases that occurred may be due to the small size of the lesion (less than 5 mm in diameter) and the depth of the lesions (more than 4.5 cm from the surface), that the conditions caused technical problems in performing aspiration.

 According to the results of our study, the fine needle aspiration technique can be an easy, low-risk, and very effective method in malignant lesions diagnosed in the spleen.

Sarcocystis is one of the most common diseases between humans and animals in most parts of the world. This parasitic disease is caused by Sarcocystis protozoa. Sarcocystis cysts are mainly found in the striated muscles of cattle, sheep, and goats and vary in size from a few microns to a few millimeters. In this study, we tried to determine the infection rate of Burgers offered in Shiraz city with Sarcocystis parasite to investigate this popular meat product in terms of Sarcocystis contamination.

To perform the laboratory steps of the project, 100 samples of hamburgers (70 samples of industrial hamburgers and 30 samples of handmade hamburgers) were collected from stores and shopping centers of Shiraz and transferred to the laboratory to be studied and examined by observing the necessary hygienic points. Macroscopic observation, impression smear (DOB smear) method, and digestion method were various methods of examining the samples.

In the macroscopic, DOB smear, and digestive methods contamination of the samples was zero, 28, and 21, respectively. Also, it was found that out of 70 samples of industrial hamburgers, 29 samples (41.42%) were infected with Sarcocystis. Of these, 18 samples (62%) were collected in autumn and 11 samples (37.93%) were collected in summer. Out of 20 samples of traditional shop hamburgers, 13 samples (65%) were infected with Sarcocystis. Of these, 8 samples (61.5%) were collected in autumn and 5 samples (38.46%) were collected in summer. Out of 10 samples of traditional hamburgers presented in hand-sold units, 7 samples (70%) were infected with Sarcocystis. Of these, 4 samples (57.14%) were collected in autumn and 3 samples (42.85%) were collected in summer. Data analysis using the chi-square test showed that there is no significant relationship between industrial and traditional burgers with a contamination rate with a 95% confidence interval. Also, there was no significant relationship between autumn and summer samples with the amount of contamination.

The results of this study show that the prevalence of Sarcocystis parasite contamination of industrial and traditional hamburger samples in Shiraz city is high. Therefore, it is suggested that preventive measures and detailed inspections be carried out at the place of production and sale of hamburgers.

 Sausages and bologna are heat-treated products whose chemical composition is based on red meat and chicken. These products are considered ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, and because some of them use chicken paste or meat paste, they are highly susceptible to bacterial contamination. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella in sausages and bologna offered in Tehran city.

100 samples, including 50 sausages and 50 meat Bologna, were sampled from supply centers in a simple random manner and transferred to the food quality control and health laboratory. Different microbial culture tests were used to search for target microorganisms. All experiments were performed under sterile conditions.

The results showed that the level of contamination in sausages and bologna in the present study was higher than the national standard of Iran. In the studied sausages, 14 samples out of 50 samples and in bologna, 20 samples out of 50 samples were found to be contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms.

 Considering the risks that pathogenic microorganisms cause for humans, it is recommended to minimize the use of sausages and Bologna and if it is used, it should be well placed in heat treatments to minimize the risk of microbial contamination.

 In many areas of the world, copper deficiency may occur in livestock. This is not only dependent on the total concentration of copper in the diet but also on the effective factors in the absorption and acquisition of copper. This study aimed to investigate the serum levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in sheep in Kazerun City, Iran.

 This study measured serum levels of copper and ceruloplasmin of sheep in Kazerun city in four regions of Konartakhteh, Kuhchenar, Baladeh, and Central. Sixty sheep were randomly selected (15 sheep in each region), and their blood was sampled. After separating the serum, an atomic absorption device was used to check the serum concentration of copper and ceruloplasmin. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Pearson and Chi-square correlation tests.

 The results showed that the highest and lowest average copper serum level was 65.25±0.3 µg/dl in the Konartakhteh and 40.38±0.5 µg/dl in the Central area. The highest and lowest average serum levels of ceruloplasmin were 9±0.01 mg/dL in the Baladeh and 8.5±0.03 mg/dL in the Central region. Also, the overall average results showed that the average copper serum level was 55.97±19.57 µg/dl and the average ceruloplasmin was 8.875±0.5 mg/dL, that the copper serum level was in a subclinical deficiency status. The ceruloplasmin level was in a favorable state. The statistical analysis of the correlation between the serum levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in sheep showed a correlation of r=0.892 and a significance level of P=0.05. A statistical correlation was observed between the serum levels of copper and ceruloplasmin and respectively, the highest and lowest serum levels of copper were 94 and 30.55 μg/dL, and the highest and lowest serum levels of ceruloplasmin were 30.55 and 7.8 mg/dL.

 In sheep from different regions of Kazerun city, the serum level of copper was subclinical deficient, and the serum level of ceruloplasmin was in a favorable condition. It seems that adding copper supplements to the ration of sheep in these areas is necessary.