نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناختی در ورزش
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 8، پاییز 1402)

"Johan Huizinga" introduces the game as a fundamental element of culture and civilization in the book "Homo ludens". Therefore, the purpose of this article is the social genealogy of games and sports with a sociological approach from the perspective of this sociology of sports, which considers plays to be ahead of culture and civilization. But he has a less optimistic view of sports and considers it a degenerate version of the play.

Based on the fact that the sociological analysis of the book “Homo ludens” written by Huizinga in 1938 is the focus of this article.Therefore, historical research method and library technique were used.

Huizinga believed that play preceded all social phenomena.Because everything was a play in the beginning and these are the transformed forms of plays that were born in the form of plays. He believes that sports gradually lost its nature as a playe from the 1940s onwards.

The book "Homo ludens" is a defensive manifesto to support the play and an indictment against sports. In this book, Huizinga considered play as the key to understanding cultures. By criticizing sports, he believed that modern society has distorted the spirit of plays. As far as signs of a devastating decline in gaming are concerned. He believes that politics and advertisements cast a shadow on sports and entered this arena in a hidden and creeping way And sports have diverted the cheerful spirit of plays and turned into a tool of domination.Johan Huizinga, the historian and sociologist of sport, introduced the game as a building block of human culture in his book Homo ludens, and argued that culture and civilization were essentially transformed forms of play and were born as play. He goes a step further and claims that the game is beyond the game and that everything was at the beginning of the play. To this end, in this article, we first review the biography and application of the ideas of this Dutch author, and then a brief overview of the classic and influential book "Homo ludens", which is a defensive manifest to support the game and a kind of indictment against sports. It was modern, we throw and then we define the play and the characteristics of this cultural phenomenon and with a dynamical cognitive and statistical approach to the analysis of the place of the play in the past eras. An excerpt from this article is devoted to the theory of "magic circle", which puts a temporary break in the world of actors' lives and temporarily fascinates them with a confrontational and imaginational atmosphere, and the end of this article is the sociology of political sport. His not-so-positive view of modern sports and the political structures and functions that have secretly and creepily entered the field of sports and destroyed the spirit of games as a means of domination.

The purpose of this research was to standardize questionnaires in sports sociological studies.

The method of conducting this research was descriptive-analytical, and it was tried to investigate various researches and sources in the field of statistical methods and to describe and use the desired tests in the field of questionnaires standardization.

The results of the investigations show that SPSS, AMOS, R, Lisrel, Stata, EQS and PLS software are used in the factor analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaires. Also, in the process of standardization of questionnaires, the sample size in factor analysis, face and content validity, translation validity, types of reliability, convergent and divergent validity, construct validity and model fit should be determined with the desired methods that are explained in the text of the article. ; It should be considered so that measuring instruments with reliable validity and reliability can be used by researchers in various studies by measuring the norm of questionnaires.

By using standardized questionnaires in the field of sports sociology, reliable and credible results can be obtained, and based on that, real operational solutions can be proposed.

The purpose of this research was to identify a set of indicators for the evaluation of recreational sports pools in Isfahan, which was carried out using gray relation analysis.

This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection and research design. The statistical population of this research included all professors and experts (including managers, experts and inspectors) in the field of sports with a special focus on the field of swimming. The approach of this research is hybrid, and for this reason, purposeful snowball sampling was used for sampling in the qualitative part, and the number of samples was determined based on the theoretical saturation level, which was 13 people. In the quantitative section, due to the large size of the population, the sample size was estimated to be 380 people using the Cochran method. In the qualitative part, in order to reach the indicators, a library study was done, and in order to complete it, an interview method was used to complete it. In the quantitative section, experts' opinions were used to determine the final indicators, and then, with the cooperation of sports centers, necessary measures were taken to collect information on the indicators. The scope of the research included 20 pools located in 15 different areas of Isfahan, Sepahanshahr and Baharestan. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative part, inductive theme analysis and in the quantitative part, second-order confirmatory factor analysis in PLS software and gray relation analysis in Excel software were used. To ensure the validity of the questionnaires, face validity and construct validity were used, and Cronbach's alpha was used to ensure reliability.

Based on the findings, indicators of the state of equipment and facilities, infrastructure and structure, technology, location, architecture and building design, manpower, safety and health, marketing factors, management factors and the quality of ancillary services were approved for the evaluation of pools and based on the gray relationship of the pool Azadi and Revolution have the highest rating, and sample pools and Behtovan pools do not have a good rating.

From the information status of these pools, it is clear that the infrastructure, safety and health, marketing factors, technology, architecture and building design, and management factors are things that can be very effective in competitiveness and attraction of the audience and should be considered in the management of pools.

In today's highly competitive business world, the performance of people in the workplace is one of the most important structures for organizations to achieve their goals. On the other hand, organizations should have the ability to react in dynamic environments and use appropriate mechanisms to increase the use of opportunities and reduce threats and use their abilities in the best way. Innovation in information technology is a solution that organizations use to deal with these pressures and threats. Because the performance of employees has a fundamental and vital role for organizations to achieve their goals, for this reason, both from a theoretical and practical perspective, understanding the factors that affect organizational performance is considered one of the crucial research paths. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of psychological capital on organizational performance with regard to the mediating effect of innovation in information technology in sports organizations in Isfahan.

The method of this research was applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of the type of research that was conducted in the form of a survey. The statistical population of this research includes the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth, the employees of the Physical Education Department of Education, the employees of the Municipal Sports Deputy and the employees of the sports clubs of Isfahan city, of which, using the Morgan table, there are 386 of these people by random sampling method. A class was selected. Data was collected using standard questionnaires. To measure psychological capital, from the standard psychological capital questionnaire of Lutans et al. (2007) in which each of the components of self-efficacy, hope, positivity and resilience were considered. The second questionnaire is also derived from the organizational performance questionnaire of Kaplan and Norton (2003) and this scale has four components (financial, customer, internal processes and growth and learning), also from the information technology innovation questionnaire of Zhu and George (2003). was used Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling with the help of AMOS and SPSS software.

The results of the research show that self-efficacy, positivity and resilience have a significant effect on innovation in information technology in sports organizations. But hope has no significant effect on innovation in information technology of sports organizations. In addition, innovation in information technology has a significant effect on organizational performance in sports organizations. Innovation in information technology mediates the effect of psychological capital on organizational performance, and there is a positive and significant relationship between psychological capital and innovation in information technology.

Based on the obtained results, innovation in information technology, which is the innovation in providing electronic services of sports organizations, can improve the organizational performance (in four dimensions, financial, customer, internal processes, and growth and learning) of sports organizations and is one of the important factors. It is considered to be effective on the performance of sports organizations. Therefore, managers and officials of sports organizations should take innovation in information technology seriously and use it as an important competitive advantage among competitors.

The purpose of this research was to compare and design the development model of citizenship sports in Iran's big cities with an interpretive structural modeling approach. The development of citizenship sports will greatly help to improve the quality of people's lives, the development of social relations, people's vitality and people's health. One of the ways to develop citizenship sports is to identify the effective factors and try to provide the basis for the realization of the factors to help increase people's participation in recreational and public sports. The results of the present research showed that there are 16 factors affecting the development of citizen sports in the big cities of Iran. If proper planning is done and deliberate decisions and actions are taken in order to realize these factors, citizen sports will be on the path of development. The authorities' attention and focus on the factors influencing the development of people's participation in physical activities and recreational sports and citizenship will lead to the increase of people's participation in public sports in big cities. But due to the limited abilities and capacities, it seems difficult to focus on all factors at the same time. It is obvious that the effect of the factors is not the same compared to each other. Some factors are highly effective and some are less effective. Factors that are more effective should be prioritized. The stratification of factors using interpretative structural modeling method allows managers to focus on factors that have more guidance and influence and are effective on the creation of other factors for the development of citizenship sports or play a facilitating role. they do. Therefore, leveling and setting priorities in decision-making and action will make the efforts to develop Iran's citizenship sports more quickly. Hence, in order to determine action and decision priorities, 16 identified factors were leveled using interpretive structural modeling technique.

descriptive and practical in terms of purpose. Data collection was done in the field and in a mixed qualitative and quantitative way. The statistical population consisted of 18 experts in the qualitative section and 70 experts in the quantitative section, including the managers and experts of the Office of Public Sports of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the officials of the Federation and Board of Public Sports and physical education managers of the municipalities in the big cities of Iran. The data was collected by reviewing documents and experts' opinions and using the Delphi method, a researcher-made questionnaire containing 16 factors for the development of citizenship sports. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 sports management professors of the university and its staff with Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.86). In order to structure the factors and design the model, experts' opinions, frequency percentage and interpretive structural modeling technique were used.

The results showed that 16 effective factors identified on the development of citizenship sports were placed in 7 levels. The factors of perspective and macro management and comprehensive planning and management were placed at the basic level of the model.

In general, it is suggested that attention to citizenship sports should be included in the macro-directions of the government and the authorities should take the necessary measures to design and implement a comprehensive program for the development of citizenship sports. The institutionalization of recreational sports and the continuous development of citizen sports can be considered as an indicator to improve the level of social well-being. In fact, citizen sports have many social benefits, such as psychological benefits, such as enjoying leisure time and improving individual personality, as well as improving people's health and physical fitness, and finally improving the quality of life. The interpretive structural model provides a new insight and understanding of the relationships between factors and variables and shows a clear structure of a complex issue. In fact, by structuring and leveling the variables in interpretive structural modeling, action priorities for managers are determined and solves the concerns of managers in implementing priorities. In this research, by identifying the effective factors on the development of social participation in citizenship sports in the big cities of Iran, it made the managers more aware of the influencing factors and determined the structuring of the factors, the degree of influence and effectiveness of the factors. Based on the research results, comprehensive planning and management is placed at the lowest level of the interpretive structural model. Therefore, it is suggested that the physical training of the municipalities of the big cities take the necessary action regarding the design and implementation of the program and the accurate implementation of the executive calendar in line with the program of the Federation of Public Sports.

Coaching competence has grown from the conceptual model of coaching efficiency and is defined as the evaluation of the coach's ability to influence the learning and performance of athletes, but in a wide range it can be considered as the athletes' perceptions of coaching behavior. The aim of this study was to study the competency of sports coaching with Glaser-based data approach.

Philosophically, this research is in an interpretative paradigm and of a qualitative research type, in which the exploratory approach and theory formulation model were used. In this research, Glazer's approach (which is an Emerging Design of data-based theory) was used. The population of the study was coaches and athletes who had at least ten years of continuous experience in high levels of sports and physical education and sports science education. The purposeful sampling method was used to select the participants. Participants in the study were twenty coaches and athletes who were active in championship, sport for all, professional, disabled, fitness, and adventure sports, and were purposefully selected. In-depth interviews were used to collect data. According to the stages of the grounded theory research method, the theoretical sampling process continued until the theoretical adequacy was achieved. Theoretical saturation was achieved in the 17th interview, but 3 more interviews were also conducted. Analysis data in three stages of open, theoretical and selective coding, and the causes, Contingent, Context, Condition and Consequence of sports coaching competence were identified.

Causes included coaching knowledge, coaching philosophy, and sports experience. Coaching knowledge included sports science, coaching science, pedagogy knowledge, specialized knowledge of sports and practical knowledge. Coaching philosophy included central values and beliefs, love for coaching and artistic thinking, and sports experiences included sports experiences as athletes, experiences as trainees, and experiences as assistants. Contingent included individual characteristics, strong social relationships, being model, and a desire for growth and excellence that formed the category of individual competence. Conditions included skills, behavior, and role-playing that formed the category of professional competence. Context included managing and recognizing the sports environment, which formed the category of managerial competence. Consequent included sport results and social results. Sport results include Improving the physical components of the players, improving the technical components of the players, identifying and developing the talent of the players, preparing the athletes to participate in sports fields and high victory records. Social results included Education and training of ethical athletes, instilling a good role model in athletes, creating a sense of healthy competition in athletes, instilling motivation to progress and hope in athletes, draining negative emotions in athletes, promoting a desirable lifestyle in athletes, developing the creativity of athletes.

Management competence provides the context for coaching competence. Professional competence provides the conditions for coaching competence. Individual competence provides the requirements for coaching competence. Three factors (coaching knowledge, philosophe, sport' experiences) directly and three factors (management, professional and individual' competencies) indirectly affect coaching competency. Based on the findings, it can be stated that various factors are involved in coaching competence and coaching competence is a multifaceted phenomenon. The competence of the coach has a positive relationship with people's passion for sports, and the more competent the coach is, the more motivation and enthusiasm she can provide for the athletes. The result of a sports coach's competence is the trust of the players, managers and fans in that coach, and the higher the level of competence of the coach is perceived, the more trust she/he has.

The aim of this research was to determine the pyramid of responsibility hierarchy and its relationship with demographic characteristics in Asian elite soccer and futsal referees.

The research method was descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of this research included Asian elite football and futsal referees in both men's and women's divisions who were in the elite list of Asian referees in 2017 (N=317), and finally 292 respondents participated in the research. In order to collect data, descriptive indices and Kolmogorov Smironov tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, Friedman and path analysis were used in SPSS and EQS statistical software.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between age and experience of arbitration with responsibility. On the other hand, the results showed that economic, social, legal and ethical factors have a positive and significant effect on responsibility. Also, the results of the responsibility hierarchy pyramid showed that the order of factors from the highest part of the pyramid are: social, legal, economic and moral responsibility.

By considering social, economic, legal and ethical factors, the level of responsibility in judges can be raised, which ultimately leads to the improvement of their performance.

The purpose of this study is to explain the sociological status of social capital and its relationship with the academic performance of physical education students.

The current research is descriptive-correlational. 196 students from the field of physical education of Shahrekord and Isfahan Islamic Azad Universities were selected as the sample population. The social capital questionnaire of Onyx and Bolen (2000) was used as a measurement tool . The validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha method above 0.8. Students' corrected was used as an index to measure students' academic performance. Descriptive and inferential statistics including correlation coefficient tests and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the research data. The research findings were analyzed using SPSS 22 software.

The research results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between social capital and academic performance. So that with the increase in the score of social capital, academic performance has increased significantly and vice versa. The results of regression analysis showed that social capital and its dimensions are able to significantly predict changes in academic performance in physical education students. The regression of predictor variable scores (social capital and its dimensions) towards the criterion variable (academic performance) is statistically significant (P<0.001). On the other hand, the obtained value (R2=0.29) indicates that predictor variables are able to significantly predict 29% of changes in the criterion variable.

The research results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between social capital and academic performance. So that with the increase in the score of social capital, motivation and academic performance has increased significantly.

The results showed that among the dimensions of social capital, there is a stronger relationship with academic performance, then interactions with family and friends, and then feelings of security and trust. It seems that in order to increase social capital, by changing structures and using new strategies, students should be socialized and adapted to their surrounding society in order to improve students' academic performance by increasing motivation.competence is an internal motivation for learning that is largely related to self-efficacy. It seems that external support, respect and encouragement are very important for students to gain competence. Acquiring competence in itself becomes an internal motivating factor. According to the results of the current research, it is recommended to the authorities to set the goal of all-round development and promotion of students and to look for opportunities in the future life of students.It is suggested to pay special attention to the motivations and desires of students in order to strengthen social capital, so as to increase their academic performance and ultimately their future and social success.