فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 60، تابستان 1402)

From the perspective of strategic entrepreneurship, two areas of Resource-Based View and entrepreneurial opportunities are intertwined in an entrepreneurial business and cannot be imagined separately. The field of opportunity as the "main core of entrepreneurship" has been the subject of various research that has mainly focused on the factors affecting the entrepreneurial process, but methodological and applied researches on the subject of how to provide resources in exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities are very few. The review of the Resource-Based View field shows that entrepreneurial opportunities have not been scrutinized and explored seriously in many studies in this domain. The current research was done with the aim of creating a general and quick view of the content and research streams of the Resource-Based View from the perspective of entrepreneurial opportunities to researchers and helping them in the optimal direction of future research. The review of the research shows that there is no regular and reliable knowledge in the field of Resource-Based View from the point of view of entrepreneurial opportunities and there is no clear and comprehensive picture to understand the depth of the research done in this field. Therefore, the main problem of this research is "representation and compilation of the knowledge map is Resource-Based View from the perspective of entrepreneurial opportunities. The innovation and scientific contribution of this research is the presentation and compilation of the knowledge map from the Resource-Based View from the point of view of entrepreneurial opportunities in addition to determining the existing knowledge and showing the relationship of different sectors with each other in this field, the path of future research is also identified based on the knowledge gap, specify for enthusiastic and interested researchers. As mentioned, the knowledge map is developed with two scientific goals: first, the knowledge map order to more accurately understand what has been done so far in a specific subject area, and second, the knowledge map in order to determine the direction of future research. It is hoped that the present research will be successful in achieving both goals.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on the collection of documentary information - systematic review. In this research, using a systematic review, among 452 articles reviewed between 1984 and 2022 in reliable foreign databases, after three stages of screening, 46 articles were found suitable for conducting research.

Research data were analyzed based on thematic analysis method, in two stages of open coding to find descriptive propositions and axial coding to extract conceptual propositions, and finally 49 effective components were identified for drawing the knowledge map of the research. The four pillars presented in the representation of the knowledge map in this research are: Heterogeneity of resources, Ex post limits to competition, Imperfect resource mobility, and Ex ante limits to competition.

In addition to drawing a knowledge map and explaining its components, knowledge gaps and future research streams that can be developed regarding the Resource-Based View from the perspective of entrepreneurial opportunities were determined.

The question of what elements entrepreneurs pay attention to enter a specific industry is important in the entrepreneurship literature. On the other hand, people's decision-making style follows three logical, emotional, and intuitive patterns. This research has been done to answer the question, what factors do entrepreneurs with a rational, emotional, and intuitive style pay attention to enter an industry? 

This research is applied research in terms of purpose and tries to help to shed more light on how entrepreneurs make a strategic decision to choose an industry. This research has a mixed method design (multiphase design). The decision-making model of entrepreneurs is assessed with a quantitative approach, and the tool for collecting is a questionnaire. The way entrepreneurs decide to enter a specific industry will be examined with a qualitative approach. The interview method has been used to obtain the required information at this stage. 

The research findings show that the way entrepreneurs enter with a logical, emotional, and intuitive style has a series of similarities and differences. The clustering of extracted codes in this research is categorized into 21 themes.

The results of the research showed what factors entrepreneurs with a logical, emotional and intuitive decision-making style consider for choosing an industry.

Most of the foreign and domestic academic investigations have been limited to the general introduction of fundamental concepts of Fintech business models, and comprehensive research of their challenges has not been presented through the review methods. Therefore, the aim of present study is to fill the scientific gap in this area by reviewing the challenges of each Fintech business model and depicting a paradigm model of their relationship to create a conceptual network between studies.

In line with the research objectives, this research has used the systematic literature review (SLR). Each systematic review consists of eight main steps. For this purpose, by referring to English and Persian articles published in valid foreign and domestic databases, in all spatial zones and in the period of 2014-2021, the large number of initial articles were identified. By obtaining 44 articles eligible for the entry criteria, among screening sampling method, a systematic review of the research was started and with the help of qualitative content analysis, the intended semantic codes were extracted. Then, with the help of inference, which is the main research tool in content analysis; Extracted codes of synthesis and concepts related to the theoretical body of fintech challenges were obtained. In order to analyze the selected articles, Shannon's entropy content analysis method has been used for identifying and ranking the codes and concepts. Also, to clarify whether the categories obtained from the challenges of foreign platforms are generalizable to other developing countries, such as Iran; The related domestic scientific literature was referred to in order to obtain more reliable results by comparing the findings of these two categories.

According to the findings obtained from the review of forty four selected articles, twenty four concepts from combination of thirty eight codes led to the emergence of eight categories of main challenges of fintech business models which are presented in the form of paradigm model with different dimensions of Fintech challenges. Based on this diagram, regulation, immoral problems, customer support, gaining customer trust, financial problems, technology, safety and business environment are the most important challenges that fintech companies are facing in this century.

Results show that the lack of a detailed regulatory framework by governing institutions, along with the problems of information security and existing operational risks, has faced the development of Fintech business models with significant challenges. In other words, the challenges caused by the regulatory factors eventually end up in financial problems and the provision of capital resources, and ultimately result in failure and decline for these companies. In addition to all the challenges of fintech development in the international environment, economic sanctions, lack of support for inventions, inefficient and insufficient human resources and inaccessibility of capital sources are special problems that makes development process of Iranian fintechs harder than it is.

The purpose of the current research is to understand the category of entrepreneurship and examine this issue from its aspects using the metaphor of entrepreneurship and starting a business as marriage and family formation.
This research is a qualitative research in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data type. In this research, by using the inductive analysis method, related themes in the concept of origin (family) and the concept of goal (entrepreneurship) were identified and presented in the form of a narrative. The statistical population of this research was experts familiar with the subject in related environments, and the research data was collected in the time frame of 1400 through interviews with said experts. The presented narrative was validated through the Delphi technique. In order to strengthen the strength of the applied narrative presented, this narrative has been explained to related people other than news and their opinions have been obtained.
After the metaphorical analysis, a total of seven items including the need to pay attention to mental and mental preparation for the subject before taking action, active but apparently random search, losses and damages, checking the necessary sufficiency in terms of general criteria and bilateral fit, are necessary. . Logical decision-making and avoidance of emotions, at the same time as less attractiveness, identity crisis and investigation at the time of final decision-making, double the knowledge and skill of applying proper management compared to choosing the best options have been identified as metaphorical aspects of the subject. The book and teaching concepts of entrepreneurship can be explained better with the help of the discussed star.
This metaphor can promote an entrepreneurship that can be described by the general public and explain the behavior of entrepreneurs. This star describes the entrepreneur's behavior in response to his success-seeking motives in an understandable and tangible way. As a research on this issue, it is that for the process of starting a business to be more noticed by the society, it should be well understood by people with visible and hidden motivations of entrepreneurship and use this setup. Opens for a better understanding.

Knowledge-based companies are not able to develop innovation alone due to their complex and non-linear nature of the innovation process. They are highly dependent on external actors to improve their innovation capabilities, and thus they create innovation ecosystems that expand their boundaries. The innovation ecosystem is a fluid and multidimensional concept, and its recognition requires a comprehensive and holistic approach. This research initially seeks to identify actors in the innovation ecosystem that cause knowledge-based companies to enter international markets, and then presents a model of these actors. The research method in this article is descriptive-survey, using exploratory-applied method; in terms of the type of data, it is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) and in terms of data collection method, it is of secondary and field data collection method (interview-questionnaire). The statistical population in the qualitative stage includes experts and entrepreneurs in knowledge-based companies who had relevant executive and research experience, and in the quantitative stage, it includes entrepreneurs and managers of knowledge-based companies in Semnan province, with at least 10 years of work experience. According to the quality of the primary codes and its organization in the form of concepts and categories, the innovation ecosystem includes financing conditions, political conditions, laws and regulations, communication mechanisms and influential actors in five categories. The results in the qualitative part indicate that a total of 87 initial codes were counted, then they were categorized in the form of 5 categories of second-level organizing themes, where political conditions and laws and regulations are the most influential, and financing and communication mechanisms are the most impressionable actors in the ecosystem. Based on the results of this research, the innovation ecosystem includes five categories of financing conditions, political conditions, laws and regulations, communication mechanisms and influential actors. To be strongly present in the economy, knowledge-based companies are required to optimize their organization and strengthen their competitive base, which in this research are accelerators, financing from banks (loans), investors or angels, and family support as sources of financing. In political conditions, some researchers point to the role of the government in facilitating entrepreneurial activities and creating new companies in international markets. Some of the most important government policies and programs for the development of entrepreneurship include creating political stability, allowing entry into target markets and access to payment gateways for knowledge-based companies.

The objective of this study was to design a digital marketing model for small online retail businesses in Iran using a mixed approach.

A mixed approach was used in this study, involving 11 experts in the qualitative section and 240 managers, entrepreneurs, and experts of small online retail businesses in the quantitative section. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews and researcher questionnaires. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using the foundational data theory method and Max QDA software, while the partial least squares technique and SmartPLS 2.0 software were used to test hypotheses.

The study identified six categories of factors affecting digital marketing in small online retail businesses in Iran, including causal conditions, contextual factors, strategies, central phenomenon, intervening factors, and consequences. The study proposed a digital marketing model based on these factors and found that the model had sufficient validity based on the results of the quantitative part of the study. The study identified targeted marketing as the main category of background conditions, time and cost management as the main categories of causal conditions, and indicators related to giving customers the right to choose, maintaining and retaining customers, providing services according to customers' needs, appropriate relationships with customers, and creating value as the main categories of digital marketing factors. The study also identified the competitiveness of companies as the most important intervening factor and economic development and service quality improvement as the main categories of outcomes.

The study's findings can be used to help small online retail businesses in Iran develop effective digitalmarketing strategies. The mixed approach used in this study, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, was effective in identifying the factors affecting digital marketing in small online retail businesses in Iran. The proposed digital marketing model can be a useful tool for small online retail businesses to improve their digital marketing performance and compete in the market. The study's findings highlight the importance of targeted marketing, time and cost management, and customer-focused digital marketing strategies in small online retail businesses in Iran. The model's validity was confirmed by the results of the quantitative part of the study. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the development of digital marketing strategies for small online retail businesses in Iran.

The purpose of this research is to understand the nature of entrepreneurial opportunity using the principles of quantum physics theory.
The research method used is the quantum paradigm. The quantum paradigm can provide valuable metaphors for the nature of entrepreneurial opportunity using quantum physics concepts.
In this study, a comprehensive theory about the nature of opportunity is presented, and Kerzner's discovery of entrepreneurship and Schumpeterian innovation are special cases of this theory.
In the entrepreneurial opportunity literature, there are two major interpretations. Schumpeter's view that emphasizes innovation and creativity and Kerzner's view that focuses on discovering the entrepreneurial opportunity in the market process. None of these views can be used elsewhere; It means that each of them can analyze only special conditions.
Opportunity in the quantum paradigm has the dual nature of wave and particle. From a wave point of view, opportunity is a combination of environmental waves and waves of the entrepreneur's mind, depending on the intensity of each of these waves, different states of opportunity arise. From the point of view of the wave nature, the environmental waves of opportunity spread all over the world. But the probability of revealing and identifying it is different in all geographical places (and at different times). In places of the world where there are more suitable conditions (better entrepreneurial ecosystem, etc.), the probability of revealing the opportunity is higher.In fact, the entrepreneurial opportunity is formed from the interaction of environmental waves (E) with the waves of the entrepreneur's mind (H). The presence of both waves is necessary to create an opportunity. That is, a real opportunity is an interaction of E and H waves with each other.
Also, from a particle point of view, opportunity emerges and manifests in a specific place and time. It means that the qualified person is placed in the right position. In this definition, waves of opportunity in the environment flow like a cloud in the environment of society. The members of the society, depending on their status and position in the society, each of them observes this cloud in relation to their own position. In the interpretation of the opportunity cloud, the opportunity must be hunted and taken advantage of in some way (that is, the waves of the mind must interact with the waves of the environment in order to obtain a real opportunity.). Because this cloud is available to the entrepreneur for a limited time. In fact, due to the constant changes in the environment, there is a certain time to hunt and exploit every opportunity. From a particle point of view, an opportunity is like a particle in the entrepreneur's mind, which requires environmental waves with a frequency corresponding to the frequency of the particle of opportunity to excite it. If the energy of the particle of opportunity becomes more than the potential energy of the environment, it is possible for this particle to leave the mind of the entrepreneur and its presence in the environment outside of the mind.

This study aimed to integrate existing knowledge in the field of startup failure factors and entrepreneurial strategies to avoid them and to form coherent interpretative solutions for reducing the high failure rate of startups.
This research was developmental and applied in terms of its aim and adopted a multiple qualitative approach. In this research, firstly, consecutive meta-synthesis of the findings of previous studies in two fields of startup failure factors and entrepreneurial strategies to avoid them were performed, and then interviews were conducted with 12 elite experts and entrepreneurs, and finally, upon theme analysis, the model and framework of interpretive findings were presented. Internal validity and internal reliability of the models were confirmed based on experts' evaluation by Cohen's kappa indices.
The comprehensive categorization model of startup failure factors in 7 overarching theme categories including team/human problem, product problem, wrong strategy, unfavorable market, financial problem, bad organization, and unfavorable environment were obtained from 23 organizing theme categories and 249 basic theme categories. Also, the solutions and strategies presented in the literature and interviews were extracted and the theme analysis of 122 basic categories yielded 20 sub-strategies and 5 main strategies to avoid the failure of startups, including synergistic team, credible product, agile management, effective cash flow, and Institutional facilitation, were identified for each comprehensive category of failure factors.
The most emphasized categories based on the frequency of unique themes in literature and interviews were: bad organization (bad management and wrong decisions, poor operations and processes, wrong time or place, bad commercialization), team/human problem (decreased motivation and perseverance, and deficiencies in team and human capital), product problem (product or technology problem, demand and customer not being valid, imitativeness and lack of advantage, intellectual property problem). The consolidation of the two research products, namely, the integrated model of failure factors and the framework of entrepreneurial strategies, showed that: a) the focus of strategies were on the same 3 category of team/human problem, bad organization, and product problem, however in a different order from the literature. b) the most emphasis of the studies was on flexibility and pivoting strategy, lean credible value, and synergistic team building, respectively. c) Contrastive matrix of strategies and failure factors showed the most emphasized correlations to be: 1- flexibility and pivoting strategy to avoid failure by bad organization, 2- complementary team strategy for overcoming the team/human problem, and 3- lean credible value strategy for avoiding the product problem.

 Social entrepreneurship is a process in which community development strategies are proposed and suggestions are made to solve social problems. Social capital is a social asset and reserve that helps social development and improve the business environment through the creation of social entrepreneurship with the components of trust, cohesion, participation, collective belonging and commitment. The main purpose of the research is to study the relationship between social capital and social entrepreneurship through meta-analysis.

The research method is quantitative meta-analysis in the period of 2009 to 2022 with a sample size of 22 research documents and a purposive-non-probability sampling method with compliance with the entry and exit criteria as well as considering the validity and reliability of the research. Specificity of the subject area, specificity of the spatial territory, specificity of the methodological territory, validity of the research, and specificity of the statistical findings in the text of the research document are among the criteria for selecting studies and researches in this research. The results show that social capital in the above 22 studies was able to explain and predict 0/65% of social entrepreneurship changes.

According to research findings, there is a significant relationship between social capital and social entrepreneurship; and its overall effect is equal to 0/65 percent. According to this; the stronger the intensity of social capital in society, the better social entrepreneurship is realized. There is a significant relationship between social trust and social entrepreneurship; and its effect value is equal to 0/48. Accordingly, the greater the social trust in the society, the greater the tendency towards social entrepreneurship. There is a significant relationship between social cohesion and social entrepreneurship; and its value is equal to 0/57. Therefore, the greater the social cohesion in the society, the greater the tendency to social entrepreneurship. There is a significant relationship between social participation and social entrepreneurship; and its effect is equal to 0/50. Therefore, the greater the social participation in the society, the greater the tendency to social entrepreneurship. There is a significant relationship between social commitment and social entrepreneurship; and its effect value is equal to 0/48. According to this; increasing social commitment in the society will increase the tendency towards social entrepreneurship. There is a significant relationship between religious beliefs and social entrepreneurship; and its effect value is equal to 0/38. According to this; the stronger the intensity of religious beliefs in the society, the greater the tendency to social entrepreneurship; and finally, there is a significant relationship between social belonging and social entrepreneurship; and its effect is equal to 0/55. According to this; The higher the level of belonging in the society, the higher the tendency to social entrepreneurship.

 According to this; social entrepreneurship can be provided by increasing and strengthening the bases of social capital and its components in the society. Social entrepreneurship creates innovative solutions to solve social problems by helping the social capital, in this way, social capital brings creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation by creating and strengthening trust, interest, and increasing cooperation capacity, social courage and employer culture.

 The study has been conducted to analyze the impact of kindness and humor of managers on the attractiveness of the employer's brand with the mediating role of organizational entrepreneurship in private universities of Herat Province.

 The present research is an applied research and descriptive survey. This study was conducted in Herat and statistical population is managers of private universities of Herat Province. 360 people were selected as a sample by stratified sampling. A questionnaire method was used to collect primary data and a library method was used for secondary data. The questionnaire was designed by different studies and also based on the conditions of the study area. This research includes four variables of managers' kindness, managers' humor, employer brand attractiveness and organizational entrepreneurship. In order to analyze the data and to test the research hypotheses, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique and structural equation modeling (SEM) using Amos24 software have been used.

 The results of this study showed that the effect of managers' kindness on employer brand attractiveness with a path coefficient of 0.70 and a managers' humor of 0.33 is confirmed, which indicates that the managers' kindness variable predicts a total of 70% of changes in employer brand attractiveness and managers' humor variable predicts a total of 33% of changes in employer brand attractiveness. The results show that the variable of organizational entrepreneurship with path coefficients of 0.015 and 0.03 and significant coefficients of 0.002 and 0.01, as a mediator in relation between manager's kindness and humor and employer brand attractiveness was confirmed.
 According to the results of the hypotheses analysis, the model is well-fitted and all the hypotheses are confirmed. The results of hypotheses test showed that managers' kindness (70%) and managers' humor (33%) had a direct and significant effect on employer brand attractiveness, and also the organizational entrepreneurship mediation in relation between managers' kindness and humor and employer brand attractiveness was confirmed.

 The text discusses the findings of a study that focused on the role of managers' kindness and humor, as well as organizational entrepreneurship, in the success and employer brand attractiveness of private universities. The study found that managers' kindness and humor have a positive causal effect on the employer brand attractiveness of private universities. These two factors guide the employer brand attractiveness in a positive direction. Additionally, the study highlighted the positive impact of managers' kindness and humor on organizational entrepreneurship.The practical implications of the study suggest that universities can enhance their employer brand attractiveness by developing entrepreneur-oriented programs and fostering partnerships among entrepreneurs. Creating an incentive environment for innovation, providing opportunities for employees to present ideas, and fostering a friendly workplace atmosphere can also increase innovation capabilities and employer brand attractiveness effectively. Ultimately, the study concludes that managers' kindness, managers' humor, and improving entrepreneurial capabilities within university staff contribute to the creation of entrepreneurial businesses characterized by creativity, innovation, and value creation, thereby enhancing employer brand attractiveness in universities.