نشریه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 46 (تابستان 1402)

The emergence and strengthening of Hezbollah in Lebanon at the beginning of the 1980s which was influenced by Iran's Islamic Revolution.   Iran's role in gaining power for this Shiite movement with a strategy of resistance from a small guerilla and militia group as a regional player have been the focus of analysts of Middle East issues. This paper aims to answer this question, what was the role of Iran in the context of the emergence of Hezbollah, the formation and strengthening of this movement?

The method of research is descriptive-analytical by using library and internet sources.

The paper’s findings indicate  that in the emergence and formation of Hezbollah, two components of identity, security and material survival have played an important role, and Iran's Islamic Revolution and it's actions  have been influenced in different ways in the emergence and strengthening of this anti-Israel Shiite movement at the beginning of the 1980s which has been manifested on the one hand in the form of the formation of the identity of Hezbollah and the creation of the identity of the anti-Zionist resistance in it, and on the other hand It has led to the intensification of the military mobilization of the Shiites, and the organization, cohesion and strengthening of the military power of these Shiites in line with the Islamic Revolution within the framework of the Hezbollah movement.

The formation of Hezbollah in Lebanon arose from the identity components resulting from the ideology of Shia political Islam and based on the realistic considerations of Iran in the Arab World, specifically Lebanon and the issue and ideal of Palestine and confronting Israel, and was influenced by the alliance between Iran and Syria.

Considering the recent developments in the Middle East region as well as the political developments in the region known as the Horn of Africa, Saudi Arabia, as an important country in the Middle East, has accelerated its presence and influence in the Horn of Africa region. Saudi Arabia has increased its influence in this region by using political, security and even economic and commercial tools. Therefore, the main goal of the present study is to investigate the goals and interests of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy in the Horn of Africa. The authors of the research have conducted a scientific and theoretical investigation of the main goal of the research by using library sources and using the analytical-explanatory method. The authors of this article, by examining the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia in the Horn of Africa, have come to the conclusion that the presence of Saudi Arabia in the strategic region of the Horn of Africa is affected by several economic-commercial and political-security goals; In fact, the presence of Saudi Arabia in the Horn of Africa originates from the interaction of domestic and regional economic and political activities, which has led to its active role in the Horn of Africa. "A significant part of Saudi Arabia's presence and influence in the Horn of Africa is influenced by its network of foreign policy interests, which includes political-security concerns in the field of regional politics, as well as its domestic economic-political interests and concerns." As a result, Saudi Arabia is solving a significant part of its internal and regional concerns by using economic, commercial, security and political tools in this region

Economic development requires fundamental changes in political, economic, social and cultural structures. The purpose of this research is to explain and analyze the economic performance of South West Asian countries during the study period.

This article is done in a descriptive-analytical way and seeks to answer the question, "How have the countries of Southwest Asia performed economically during the study period?" With the assumption that good governance is a good model for improving economic performance.

It showed that during the study period, the countries of Southwest Asia were divided into four groups of countries with economic performance: a- very good b- good c- average d- poor. Most of the countries in this region are Challenges such as lack of political stability, insecurity, US military invasion, civil wars, emergence of Salafist and Takfiri groups, Jihadi terrorism, oil economy, unemployment, inflation, foreign interventions, migration of human capital could not have a proper economic performance.

The countries that improved, modernized and reformed the governance method achieved good performance in economic indicators, and the countries that stood up to the demands of the nations with monopolization in politics and economy faced many challenges that prevented them from their economic development.

Today, social movements have become one of the important tools for pursuing people's demands; And parties are one of the most influential factors of cohesion and organization to popular demands. The recent revolutions in Arab countries are a clear example of these movements. These revolutions took place in a situation where in all three countries, popular calls and protests were spontaneous and without leadership or organization from the parties. The purpose of the current research is why the parties did not have an effective and important role in the revolutionary developments of the three countries of Tunisia, Egypt and Libya?

The present article is a descriptive-analytical research and the collection method is based on library information.

On the eve of the revolution, the political systems of Tunisia, Egypt and Libya were republics with lifelong presidents, which in principle were not much different from monarchical systems. In these systems, not only were there no democratic institutions such as active parties, popular participation in the political and economic spheres, as well as the accountability of the state institution, but all the features of dictatorial systems were seen in them. Hence, in all three countries, widespread popular protests took place without any leadership or group organization, which eventually led to the collapse of the ruling political systems in these countries.

Studies show that according to the political sociology before the revolutions in these three countries and for the reasons discussed in the article; The parties have not played an effective role in the formation of the revolution in the mentioned countries; But they were present in the conditions after the revolution and in the political categories after that.

 The creation and destruction of "tribal order" in Yemen is a decisive component in the analysis of the development process of this country. In this research, we answer the main question that what role did ethnic and tribal characteristics and components play in the popular uprising and revolutionary changes in Yemen from 2011 to 2022.

 The method of research is descriptive-analytical by using library and internet sources.

 One of the important and fundamental cultural and social features of Yemen, which has been the source of political developments throughout history, is the functioning of ethnic and tribal structures. This component in the Yemen popular uprising in 2011 has also been a vital component in rearranging the political framework of this country and current developments; After a long period of accompanying the tribal leaders in Ali Abdullah Saleh’s government, which led to the strengthening of the wealth and influence of some sheikhs and the weakening of some of their ties with the tribe, at the beginning of the crisis in 2011, we witnessed the multi-faceted performance and rearrangement of tribal forces. As a result, the position of tribes changed.

 The research findings show; during the revolutionary developments in Yemen, the traditional determining position of the tribes has gradually lost its coherence and their role in determining the current developments is decreasing

 Although the Russian Federation is rarely known as a country with an Islamic identity, Islam has always been the second largest religion in this land. Despite different estimates of the nubjmber of Muslims in Russia, according to some statistics, this country has a population of about 25 million Muslims of various ethnic races. According to these data, it can be assessed that Russia has the largest Muslim minority population in the whole of Europe. Russian leaders and politicians repeatedly emphasize the importance of Islam as an integral part of the country's cultural and social structure. The increasing importance of Islam in Russia has affected the political destiny of this country in three dimensions: demographic balance, regional and international position, and the transformation of national identity. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the role and position of Islam and Muslims in Russia (as the inheritor of the Soviet communist system) in Moscow's foreign policy, and its central question is what is the position of Islam and Muslims in Russia's Middle East policy after the Arab revolutions until now. Is.

 This article has been written in a descriptive-analytical method using documentary-library sources.

 The findings of the research indicate that, considering the role played by Islam and Muslims in the process of forming Russia's identity, domestic relations and international interactions, as well as the impact of the Islamic factor on the developments and prospects of Russia's security issues, the country's foreign policy In the period after the Arab revolutions, until now, it has been based on the fight against religious fundamentalism, avoiding entering the Shia-Sunni religious divide and trying to improve the image of Russia among the Sunni Islamic communities in the Middle East region.

 The present article has come to the conclusion that after the Arab revolutions, Russia, realizing the threat of Islamic fundamentalism and its spread in its Muslim republics from the Sunni Islamic countries, has adopted a balanced policy towards the Islamic countries of the Middle East. . Therefore, it is expected that the role of Islam in Russia's foreign policy will increase and Russian statesmen will be more willing to interact constructively with the Islamic countries of the Middle East. The increasing tendency of Russian citizens towards Islam affects the internal situation of Russia and its foreign policy options in the medium and long term.