نشریه مطالعات آموزش علوم ورزشی
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1402)

The position of the scapula after carrying a backpack in girls is very important. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of balance on changes in the craniovertebral angle and the position of the scapula after carrying a backpack in girls. First, according the Morgan table for sample size estimation through the user's backpack ‎female students, 262 subjects were selected from Kish Island with the following coordinates. The ‎anthropometric assessment and determine on Craniovertebral angle, the position of the scapula and ‎static balance, Postural Stability test with a universal goniometer (r =0.93) kibler test and Biodex ‎were used. The mean age 15 years, weight 3.5 kg backpack and duration of carrying backpacks is ‎‎16 minutes. Then, 45 girls (mean age 15.8 years) were selected. Subjects backpack-style carrying ‎two-way. Experimental group one carrying mean weight 3.5 kg, Experimental group two ‎M=SD=4.8 kg, and Experimental group three M=SD=6.1 Kg with a speed of 1.6 meters per ‎second respectively 16, 21 and 27 minutes on the treadmill due to walking. Then Craniovertebral ‎angle, the position of the scapula and static balance they were re-evaluation. Then the data using ‎MANOVA, Tukey Post-Hoc and data were analyzed with SPSS software, version 20 (P≤0.05). ‎ Carry backpacks more than 3.5 kg for users in this research, and in the long time ‎causes to significant decrease in the sub Scapula angle to T7 distance when abduction 90 ‎‎(degrees) arm (P=0.025) and this changes causes to decrease the static balance ‎‎(P=0.023). Changes Craniovertebral angle showed no significant difference among the ‎three groups. ‎ As a result of a significant reduction in the sub Scapula angle to T7 distance ‎when abduction of 90 (degrees) arm and changes in upper limb postural balance has ‎decreased. So, it is recommended, the girls from carrying backpacks higher than %6 of ‎their body weight over 16 minutes refrain.‎

In order to survive, sports facilities need customers to return The influence of social investment on the ‎affection for the location. The objective of the present investigation was to examine the influence of social investment on the ‎affection for the location according to the mediating role of commitment to sport places among ‎customers of watery places in north of Tehran. The method of this investigation is of descriptive-‎correlative type and its statistical society is formed by the customers of watery places in north of ‎Tehran. Due to specificity of the statistical society, the sample volume was considered 384 people. In ‎order to analyze the data and the relation between the variables, Smart PLS 3 software was used. ‎Findings represent that the social investment has a meaningful influence on sport places and affection ‎for the location respectively. Commitment to sport places also influences on affection to the location. ‎Also, commitment to sport places plays a mediating role between the variables of social investment ‎and affection for the location. It was also found that the components of commitment to sports venues, apart from the normative component, have the ability to explain attachment to the place, in between, the continuous component had the highest and the emotional component had the lowest effect. Based on findings, it is determined that although social investment has ‎the ability to anticipate affection for the location significantly; But understanding this mechanism and ‎achieving the affection for the location require paying attention to the commitment to the sport ‎places.‎

Teaching models have an important impact on the teaching and learning process. The purpose of this study was to ‎investigate the effect of traditional and modern teaching models (TGFU and SDT) on Handball shoot learning. For ‎this purpose, 36 unexperienced students in handball with the age of 14 to 16 years volunteered to participate in ‎this study. Participants were assigned to three groups of 12 each including TGFU, SDT, and direct teaching model ‎‎(control) based on pre-test scores. In the elementary education phase, the students received the same training in ‎basic education and familiarity with the type of skills and advocacy. Then all students were asked to determine their ‎pre-test level. In the acquisition phase to match the research environment with school education conditions, the ‎three groups were trained for 5 weeks with sessions two days a week and each session 60 minutes for a total of 10 ‎sessions with TGFU, SDT and control models. At the end of the last training session, all students received the ‎standard post-test assignment. After 48 hours, three groups received retention test. The results of one-way ANOVA ‎test in post-test and retention showed no significant difference between the three groups. Physical educators and ‎coaches are advised to create a range of challenges to meet the needs of each individual in the group and the goals ‎and steps to be taken in the task that they want to learn.‎

Considering the nature of soccer field which is held in the open air and hosting cities with different weather conditions and changes in air temperature and altitude have an effect on the performance of the players, the purpose of this research is to investigate the hematological changes of male soccer player students in response to The soccer match was at medium altitude with hot weather. 10 student soccer players (except ‎Goalkeeper‎) with a mean age of 21.38± 0.42 years, Height 178 .76±4.23 cm, weight 70.33± ‎‎5.31 kg participated in the study. one hour before the match, immediately after and 24 hours ‎after the match, venous blood samples were taken for determination of white blood cells, red ‎blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and Platelets‎ by CBC test. Descriptive statistics (the ‎mean ± standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA repeated measure) with contrast ‎methods (simple and repeat) were used for analysis data. This study ‎shows that there is significant difference for white blood cell (P=0.001) and platelets (P=0.003) ‎before, immediately after and 24 hours after football match. There is no significant difference ‎for red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasma volume. The physiological ‎pressure resulting from a football match played in hypoxic conditions because of altitude and ‎environmental heat continues for up to 24 hours following the game. Although these conditions ‎did not result in significant changes. To return white cells and platelets to normal levels, soccer ‎coaches are advised to consider a longer recovery period (over 24 hours) after a soccer match, ‎and to avoid intense and competitive training the following day.‎

Hormones affect almost all physiological aspects and actually act as a complementary part of the central nervous system. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of home exercise on cortisol, androgen dehydroepiandrosterone and the ratio of androgen dehydroepiandrosterone to serum cortisol in female high school students. 16 female students of the second secondary level of Golbahar city were purposefully selected and randomly placed in two educational and control groups (8 people in each group). The exercise group participated in an 8-week exercise program at home including aerobic exercises 5 sessions per week and each session for 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes for the first to eighth weeks. Before and after eight weeks, resting blood samples were taken from both groups, and the amounts of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and the ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone to cortisol were measured and calculated. The statistical method of analysis of variance between and within the subjects was used to compare the changes in the variables between the two groups. Cortisol in the training group compared to the control group means increased (P=0.026). Dehydroepiandrosterone and the ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone to cortisol decreased significantly in the training group compared to the control group (P=0.005 and P=0.006, respectively). Probably, eight weeks of aerobic training has led to the development of catabolic conditions in high school female students, which may lead to the prevention of overweight in them.

The stressful conditions of today's life make it difficult for people to regulate their emotions, which can cause many psychological problems and disorders in individual behavior and functions, but choosing an active lifestyle can be effective in managing and preventing emotional disturbances and improving a person's control over emotions. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the difference in executive functions and the ability to regulate emotions in people with active and inactive lifestyles, considering gender differences. The present study was of a causal-comparative type and the participants were selected purposefully from among the students of Payam Noor University of Tabriz, 80 people in two active (20 girls, 20 boys) and inactive (20 girls, 20 boys) groups. Active and inactive people were identified using Sharkey's physical activity questionnaire, emotional regulation ability and executive functions were evaluated using Gross and John (2003) emotional regulation scales, Flanker tests and Wisconsin cards, respectively. The results of analysis of variance with two-factor measurement showed that there is a significant difference between the executive functions and emotional regulation ability of active and inactive students (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the performance of boys and girls. According to the results, physical and sports exercises are suggested as one of the solutions and strategies for emotional regulation and development of executive functions for the general public.

Active cool-down is generally believed to be more focused than passive cool-down ‎without activity for promoting post-exercise recovery. However, research has never been done to see ‎if this belief is true. This study compared the acute effect of active and passive cool-down after ‎exercise on blood pressure and heart rate of teenage boy basketball players.‎ The current research was on the number of 20 teenage basketball players between the ‎ages of 12 and 14 from Mehr Arak Basketball Academy, who were voluntarily and then randomly ‎divided into two groups of 10 people. Basic data including height, weight, body mass index, heart rate ‎and blood pressure were measured in the pre-test and post-test stages. The first group of subjects ‎was evaluated with an active (static) cool-down method and the second group with a passive cool-‎down including sitting, lying or standing (without walking) 1 hour after exercise. To analyze the data, ‎the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the t-test of two independent samples were used to check the ‎significance of the difference between the groups.‎ The results showed the possibility that cool-down has no effect on the blood pressure and ‎heart rate of teenage boy basketball players.‎ Based on the available empirical evidence, active cool-down is largely ineffective for ‎further improvement in blood pressure and heart rate after exercise, but may nevertheless provide ‎benefits compared with passive cool-down.‎

The purpose of this study was to standardize and determine the validity and reliability of Taekwondo skill tests. By reviewing common skills and surveying elite coaches and athletes in this field, from all available tests, five previously designed by the author were selected to measure main skills. Then, to determine the reliability and content validity of the selected tests, 30 elite male taekwondo athletes of Piroozi Karaj Club were participated in this study and performed these selected tests in two phases by using the age of 20±2 years. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the tests and based on the results of the competitions and the judgment of the coaches; content validity was determined by using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The results showed that the correlation coefficients of three of the five selected tests were significant (P≤0.05). Use of foot impact speed test (R=0.95 and V=0.75), hand impact strength (R=0.91 and V=0.81) and combined skill speed (eleven strokes) (R=0.88 and V=0.79), was found to be at an acceptable level of trust and confidence. Finally, five value norms have been developed for the three desired tests.