نشریه مطالعات آموزش علوم ورزشی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1402)

The quality of teaching is one of the most important factors affecting the progress of students in all educational environments. The aim of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of special in-service training courses for sports teachers based on the Kirkpatrick model.

The research method is descriptive and from the category of causal-post-event research. The statistical population of this research was the sports teachers of Karaj city (N=800). Using Cochran's formula, the number of statistical samples was estimated to be 260 tons, which were selected by random cluster sampling from among the members of the statistical population. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 32 questions in the form of a five-point Likert spectrum, with the help of which the effectiveness of the training course was measured based on Kirkpatrick's model in four levels of reaction, learning, behavior and conclusion. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined from the corrective comments of expert professors, and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient test of 0.81. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and statistical tests of one-sample t, independent t, Friedman and path analysis were used in SPSS and LISREL statistical software.

The results showed that the factors of reaction, behavior, learning and results have a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of in-service training courses, and the average scores of sports teachers on the effectiveness of these components were above average. On the other hand, the average rank was related to the behavior component. Also, there was a significant difference between teachers based on their educational qualifications in all components.

It is concluded that the effectiveness of in-service training courses is at all four levels, which can be attributed to the increase in understanding and creation of knowledge and positive attitude of teachers towards the importance and how to implement the process of teaching teachers.

Parents are the main factor of socialization in children and this influence continues in adolescence. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of parents' sports support and students' perception of parental support on students' sense of socialization.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-correlation method using questionnaire tool. The statistical population consisted of all the 9-11-year-old male and female students in Tehran and their parents, whose number was 299,610 people, based on Morgan's table, 384 people were selected and 400 questionnaires were distributed using random cluster sampling. became. In order to collect information, the standard questionnaires of students' perception of parental support by Wilk et al. (2018), parental sports support questionnaire for physical activity by Beets et al. (2006) and socialization feeling questionnaire by Wood et al. (2010) were used. The validity of the questions of the questionnaires was confirmed by 5 professors of the sports management field of Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran branch and 5 professors of sports management of South Tehran Islamic Azad University and the reliability of the questions was also calculated by Cronbach's alpha test, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.78. 0.77 and 0.89. To analyze the findings, spss22 software was used and to check the hypotheses, step-by-step regression analysis test was used.

The findings showed that parental sports support and students' perception of parental support with a confidence level of 95% and p<0.05 have a significant effect on the feeling of socialization of 9-11 years old students.

According to the findings of the research, it is suggested that family and group physical activity programs should be prioritized in families' programs and parents should spend more time with their children. It is also better for schools to use the sports support of parents in physical activities of students.

Virtual teaching of physical education has faced many challenges for teachers. The aim of the present study is to provide a physical education curriculum model for schools in the post-COVID era and offer solutions.

 The specific objective of this research was to explore and assess the identified challenges of physical education classes in schools during the virus outbreak and post-COVID period, following the Strauss and Corbin's (1990) model. The present study adopted a postmodern research paradigm. The research approach used in this study was qualitative, and the strategy employed was phenomenology, which in turn was guided by the Grounded Theory and the hidden content analysis tactic. The research was conducted through field studies. In the initial stage, the statistical population of the research consisted of all professors and sports management experts who had research experience in physical education curriculum planning, as well as all physical education teachers and experts in physical education at the Tehran Department of Education. The sampling method was purposeful and snowball sampling was used until theoretical saturation was reached. Fifteen participants were selected through non-probability purposive and snowball sampling, and data collection was done through in-depth and semi-structured interviews in response to the research questions. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved.

The results revealed that the most proposed strategies by the experts were categorized into three groups: improving virtual teaching facilities and infrastructures for physical education classes, adopting innovative teaching approaches for this subject, and enhancing motivation and attitudes among students, teachers, and parents.

In conclusion, based on the identified challenges and the proposed solutions, it can be said that the existing recommendations can be utilized to improve physical education teaching in schools.

Sports and physical education are considered as settings that can increase the life skills of the participants. The aim of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of Islamic life skills management on the individual performance of student athletes of Imam Hossein (AS) schools in Mashhad.

The statistical population of this research was made up of sports students of the first and second secondary levels of Imam Hossein schools in Mashhad in the number of (N=450). Using Morgan's table, the number of statistical samples was estimated to be 208 tons, which were selected by random sampling. In order to collect data, life skills questionnaires made by Lorcan and Justin (2017) and individual performance made by Kompanz (2014) were used. To check the validity of the translation of the measurement tool, the standard translation-retranslation-translation method was used. The construct validity of the questionnaires was verified using the confirmatory factor analysis method. Composite reliability (Delvin Goldstein) of the questionnaires was 0.723 and 0.768 respectively. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and Kolmogorov- Smirnov statistical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and path analysis were used in SPSS and LISREL statistical software.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between life skills and individual performance of student athletes. Also, the dimensions of teamwork, goal setting, time management, leadership and decision-making are eligible to predict the individual performance of students. On the other hand, the results of the structural model of the research showed that life skills have a positive and significant effect on the individual performance of students.

By improving the level of life skills among students while influencing their efforts to achieve educational goals, it is possible to develop their individual performance.

Preschool is a sensitive period for the development of motor and cognitive skills and the child must reach sufficient ‎physical maturity and cognition to enter school. Given the importance of pre-school preparation and the prevalence ‎of drawing and writing problems in primary school children. The purpose of this study is to develop a motor-‎cognitive inventory to help identify drawing and writing problems in preschool children.‎

 In this study, 40 preschool children aged five to seven years volunteered of Mashhad. After completing the consent ‎form, Bandar-Gestalt and MABC-2 tests were performed as criteria tests and motor-cognitive inventory designed ‎by researchers, which included 42 items. After three weeks, these tests were repeated and the data were analyzed by ‎Kendall correlation coefficient at the significant level of P≤0.05.‎

The motor-cognitive inventory showed the ability to evaluate the components before writing at a significant level ‎‎(P≤0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the results of the evaluation of the locomotor ‎components of the motor-cognitive inventory with the MABC-2 criterion test and the results of the evaluation of ‎the performance of the cognitive components of the motor-cognitive inventory with the Bandar-Gestalt criterion ‎test (P≤0.05).‎

According to the findings of the study and the level of significance between motor-cognitive inventory and tests of ‎criteria and components, it seems that to identify drawing and writing problems in preschool children can be used ‎from the motor -Cognitive Inventory.

The timing of mental imagery can have a significant impact on performance improvement. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of the timing of internal and external mental imagery on the learning of the learning simple volleyball service skill.

to achieve the goals of the research, 60 beginner volleyball students aged 16 to 18 were selected from the accessible population, and they voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were divided into two groups of 30 individuals each based on their pre-test scores, considering two factors: imagery and its timing. Each group consisted of three subgroups of 10 participants, including Group 1, which practiced mental imagery (before, during, and after performance), and Group 2, which practiced external imagery (before, during, and after performance). The acquisition phase of the research involved five training sessions, where participants performed three sets of 10 attempts of the criterion task in each session according to the respective program. After 48 hours from the post-test, participants underwent a retention test.

The results showed that the dimension of imagery (internal - external) and the timing of imagery (before, during, and after performance) did not have a significant impact on the acquisition and retention of volleyball service.

According to the research findings, it is recommended to physical education coaches and teachers that, instead of focusing solely on the timing of internal and external mental imagery, they should concentrate on other variables such as physical repetitions or effective training games.

Regardless of the specific benefits of an active lifestyle, a lack of physical activity is a serious issue in various segments of society including youth. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and physical activity of dormitory students living at Kharazmi University.

In a cross-sectional study, 288 students residing in the dormitory (189 female and 99 male) were selected randomly and filled out the questionnaires on knowledge, attitude, and physical activity. The DASS-21 scale was used to assess students' depression, anxiety and stress states. Data were analyzed by SPSS software at the significant level of 0/05.

The average scores of knowledge, attitude, and level of physical activity of students were moderate, high, and undesirable. In terms of depression, anxiety, and stress, they had good mental health. The results did not show a significant difference between the scores of knowledge, attitude, and mental health of males and females, but the level of physical activity of males was higher. Also, the attitude and physical activity level of students during the week were significantly correlated with the components of mental health and gender, but no significant relationship was found between the other variables.

Overall, because of the prevalence of inactivity in students, identifying how to increase their level of knowledge and physical activity is necessary.

Physical education lessons in schools increase students' learning, perception and efficiency. The purpose of this study was to design a model for developing the participation of high school students in Mashhad in the physical education bell.

The present research is exploratory survey. The statistical population of the study was secondary school students in Mashhad in the amount of 150370 people. Considering the high number of statistical populations, the number of samples was 384 according to Morgan table. The sample was also clustered and randomized. In this study, questionnaire developed by the participants in sports participation in sports during the physical education course was used. The questionnaire was filled out with 39 items and dimensions (executive factors with 7 items, 6-item sports knowledge, 5-point social interaction, 5-item structural and infrastructural factors, 9-item attitudinal factors and 7 media items factors). Five options are Likert. Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the software. Their reliability was calculated in a preliminary test with subjects and using Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the results of the data, descriptive, inferential, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, factor analysis, Friedman test using SPSS software were used.

The results of the research showed that among the factors of the development of the participation of high school students in Mashhad in physical education bell, structural factors and infrastructures and the factors of social interactions at the highest level, and the school executive and sport awareness level have the lowest rank. Also, the research model has a favorable fit.

Therefore, it is recommended that senior managers in education pay more attention to school sports infrastructure and pay more attention to intra-school associations to enhance student interactions.