نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی: نظریه و کاربرد
پیاپی 2 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

The present research has done a comparative study of twenty healthy 3 to 5 year old children and twenty children with epilepsy (the same age) so that in this comparative study, a better understanding of this disease and the cognitive knowledge of both groups in understanding and using metaphorical expressions of the body be achieved. The current research method is descriptive-experimental and it was done without any interference in the variables. The method of the present research is derived from the methods of Bialecka-Pikul (2003) and Shoja Razavi (2015). Healthy children performed very well in the evasive metaphorical expressions test and by obtaining high scores and correct answers, they had the necessary cooperation in completing the metaphorical expressions. In the test of double cards, normal children with the highest score of understanding and full use of metaphorical expressions have obtained in all senses. Children with epilepsy responded to the questions in filling in blank expressions with little difference from healthy children. In the test of double cards, children with epilepsy had the most correct answers in the sense of smell and taste and the least correct answer in the sense of sight and touch. Epilepsy has a negative effect on children's understanding and use of embodied metaphorical expressions. Epilepsy can affect children's cognitive skills

The present study intends to examine how political discourse employs nominalization to describe events and occurrences and for what specific purposes. The research aims to explore how actions and reactions are foregrounded and backgrounded in the ideological representation of texts. To achieve this goal, the speeches of the ex-presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States, subsequent to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, have been selected for critical discourse analysis.The first stage of data analysis involves identifying and analyzing 508 clauses. The second phase examines the use of nominalization metaphors in the coverage of developments surrounding the nuclear agreement during the period from the US withdrawal from the agreement to Iran's fifth step in reducing its JCPOA commitments. To demonstrate the role of nominalization in the various representations of a single event in rival discourse media, two domestic and two foreign media outlets are examined. The data in this section also includes eight news titles from the above-mentioned media outlets in five specific time periods, in which a significant development surrounding the JCPOA has taken place. The results indicate that nominalization metaphors are not used to eliminate the agent from the center of attention, but rather to highlight their own actions. Rival discourses use these highlights to elicit their own desired meaning to the audience, both in the arrangement of the speeches of the two presidents and in the coverage of political developments surrounding the nuclear agreement by the media.

The current study investigates the relation between discourse, desire, madness, subjectivity in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye(1970). With this in view, it opted for critical discourse analysis and systemic functional linguistics as its theoretical and practical frameworks. Some of the key sections of the novel were selected and analyzed using the categories such transitivity, mood, modality, thematization and finite and lexical choices. The findings were tabulated and the most significant ones were interpreted. Next, the social practice of the novel was elaborated more and was connected with the findings of the textual analysis. Afterwards, the intertextuality, interdiscursivity and re-contextualization were discussed. The novel makes more sense when it is read against the socio-historical-cultural developments of the black community in American context. The research concludes that the cultural/racial models of reading the subjectivity in the novel run the risk of not providing a comprehensive image of the identity. Identity is a multifaceted phenomenon which is fed by several sources. The Bluest Eye does not offer any new project of identity. Rather it works within the historical horizons of its production.

The study of the penetration and expansion of Persian loanwords in different languages including European languages has resulted, especially in the recent decades, in presenting some works which are indicative of the topic's importance and attractiveness. Reviewing the works reveal that finding Persian words in English, German, French, Swedish, Albanian and Spanish have been documented in some national and international studies, but the lack of such a study regarding Italian as an important European language seems obvious. While the number of Italian words in Persian is limited, the findings of the present study indicate that the number of Persian loanwords in Italian is around fifty. In this paper, twenty Persian words in Italian are introduced, described and analyzed. In addition to introducing the words in the donor and recipient languages, based on the authentic references and dictionaries, the transfer route, intermediary languages and semantic and phonological changes are dealt with.

Case marking has always been a challenging issue to account for in various versions of the generative enterprise. Among the several available approaches seeking to theoretically deal with case marking, two approaches have been significantly highlighted: the first one, entitled as the syntactic approach, is advocated by Chomsky in the basic versions of minimalist program and the second one, which is generally described as the morphological or dependent approach to case marking, was first proposed by Marantz and subsequently elaborated on by Baker, among others. Focusing on the accusative alignment in present-tense transitive constructions in Hawrami, the present paper attempts to compare the explanatory adequacy of these approaches. It is indicated that none of these approaches can comprehensively account for the case-marking patterns in the accusative constructions in Hawrami. Although the syntactic approach can explain the bilateral relationship between the case-marking properties of the subject and its agreement with T, it fails to come up with a plausible analysis for the case-making of the object, in which case the dependent approach is more theoretically equipped to account for. Therefore, in line with previous studies in this regards, it is recommended that employing an eclectic approach, in which the theoretical apparatus of both syntactic and dependent frameworks are being used, can result in a more logical scenarios for the minimalist analysis of case-marking patterns in syntactic structures. 

the "prayer" have been used 182 times in the verses of the Holy Quran. This study intends to explain the concept of prayer and extract its semantic components from the Quran with a semantic approach. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the root meaning of (prayer) in the Qur'an. After reviewing the verses including the root of the prayer and its derivatives, the prayer companions are further divided into three categories. Interfaith Companions: Coming, Hearing, Accepting, Believing, Guiding, Putting, Surrender, Conflicting Companions: Shirk, Disbelief, Misguidance and Loss and Complementary Companions: Allah, the Rabbit, the Apostle and the Human. By examining the companion vocabulary of prayer, the root substitutes for prayer and its derivatives are as follows: speech , Security, Science, Guidance , Compliance, Come , Disbelief and Providence . Finally, in order to reach the semantic components of the word prayer, we will examine the vocabulary companions of the word prayer and the companions of the word prayer, and the semantic components will be: speech, faith, science, guidance, coming, disbelief, grace, Wanting, hearing, sinking, adherence, truthfulness, Wisdom , scripture and endurance.

The term "Ta’arof" is one of the most important components of the cultural identity of Iranians and the main element of Persian ritual literature, which plays an important role in the communication between Iranians and intercultural communication between Iranians and non-Iranians. Identifying "Ta’arof" is one of the major possibilities and conditions in identifying the state of Iranian culture and daily life. Using formal sociology (Zimel, 1971) and speech act theory (Austin, 1962) in linguistics, this article examines the position of "Iranian Ta’arof " in Persian language teaching and its verbal complexities. ‘Iranian Ta’arof’ has many different aspects and vary according to the position, age, education and social level of people. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of knowledge of foreign Persian-language learners in learning ‘Iranian Ta’arof’ in different situations and conditions of conversations and daily life. The statistical population was foreign Persian- language learners of advanced and supplementary courses at Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran and Ferdowsi University in Mashhad. Among them, 9 people, aged 21 to 39, were selected by simple random sampling. The research method was done in the form of face-to-face interviews with foreign Persian-language learners through a questionnaire. The results showed that the level of knowledge of foreign Persian learners in learning ‘Iranian Ta’arof’ was high and they considered the teaching of ‘Iranian Ta’arof’ necessary to improve the quality of learning Persian language. Also, the findings showed that familiarity with the cultural mechanism of Ta’arof leads to a better reception of Ta’arof messages by Persian learners, so that they can consciously take advantage of it in strengthening social communication.

Value and exchange system, along with discourse regimes, are important topics in semiotics. These concepts play a significant role in defining the type of relationships between people and solving value crises in semiotic analyzes. This research has chosen the first story from the first chapter of Golestan, as the subject of study and seeks to identify the model of the value system, how the values change and then achieves the role of the change of values in solving crises exist. The research problem is whether the change of values in Golestan as an influential source for Persian speakers has led to the formation of a new style of life among them or not. The findings show that Saadi used the mechanism of transformation of values in the creation of this story, and finally, the transformation of values caused the change of meaning and also the resolution of the crisis in the story. This research has been carried out in a library and descriptive analytical method, based on the approach of Paris School in semiotics.

Metaphor has a long history and a high position in Persian literature. Literature is inherently a social phenomenon, and the connection between literature and society is a long-standing and inextricable mutual link. Storytellers and poets have already mixed their social thoughts with artistic elements and expressed them in the form of poetry and prose. The aim of this study is to investigate the types of ontological metaphors in the story of Setar. The authors are looking for the question of how the ontological metaphors are used in the story of Setar and what concepts have been made tangible through this metaphor. The methodological nature of this qualitative study is descriptive-analytic, and the data were collected from the story Setar written by Jalal Al Ahmad. The findings indicated that the narrator has used metaphor well in order to convey the desired concepts. Also, the results showed that the use of ontological metaphors in this story was very frequent, such that the number of metaphor used in this story were 15 metaphors, including 3 metaphors of entity and substance and substance, 9 metaphors of container and place, and 3 metaphors of personification.

Literature in every period has shown and reflected the conditions of the society from the progress and decline to despair and hope of its people. Happiness and sadness are two important elements in life which are expressed in language and literature. The present study has tried to investigate the metaphors of despair and hope in the literature of the recent four decades and the impact of society on it in the most popular novels of the last four decades based on the framework of Lakoff (1980). For this purpose, four popular novels from the 60s "Nakhlhaye Bisar", 70s "Roye Mahe Khoda ra Bebos", 80s "Cheragh ha ra Man Khamosh Mikonam" and the 90s novel "Paeiz Fasle Akhar Ast" were analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way. The body of the research is sentences from all four novels, which were analyzed separately, and metaphors of high and low, which indicate hope and despair, were extracted and analyzed separately. The findings showed that in the literature of all four decades, low metaphors were used more and the highest frequency appeared in the 90s, and the conditions and atmosphere of the society were effective in the ups and downs of these metaphors.

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The present study investigated the tense and aspect from morphological and phonological perspectives in the Bakhtiari dialect as a linguistic variety of the Persian language. This dialect is used in four provinces of Charmahal and Bakhtiari, Isfahan, Kohgiloye and Boyerahmad, and Khuzestan. The method of the study is descriptive which has been conducted through field study. Data were collected in Charmahal and Bakhtiari provinces and the north of Khuzestan province. About 10 hours of peoples' daily conversations were recorded and analyzed based on Katamba and Stonham (2007). Results showed that the future and past tenses of this dialect have attached auxiliary verbs of "be "pronounced as "bid", "vi" or "bi". The bound morpheme of /e/ is initially attached to the verb stem which shows no perfect aspect of this structure. Thus, the perfect aspect cannot be seen in this dialect; therefore, simple past or past perfect tense is used interchangeably. Past perfect aspects can be seen as a frequent structure in this dialect. The results of this study can help linguistics arrive at a complete picture of Bakhtiari's verbal constituents. It also may be a guide for investigating other Persian language dialects regarding their grammatical structures.