نشریه مطالعات کتابداری و علم اطلاعات
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 43، بهار 1402)

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between e-learning style and computer literacy by considering the mediating role of information literacy among graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. In addition to examining the relationship between e-learning style and computer literacy mediated by information literacy, this study aims to build a model to provide a way to learn for life.

This research was applied based on the main purpose and quantitative based on the method. It was a survey-field data collection method and based on analytical technique it was a descriptive research (correlation) based on path analysis. The samples of this study consisted of 362 graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, who were selected by random sampling method. Data were collected using e-learning questionnaires (Khademizadeh, 1400) and computer literacy questionnaires (armor maker, 2015) and information literacy (armor maker, 2015). The validity and reliability of the tools used in this study were evaluated and reported appropriately. Emos software version 23 and SPSS version 23 were used to analyze the data. Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression tests were used to estimate the relationship between the variables. Sobel test was used to estimate the effect of the mediating variable in SPSS software; also, in the present study, to fit the final research model, model fit indices in Emus software have been used.

The values of fitness indicators related to the proposed research model indicate that most fitness indicators in the research model are desirable and to a large extent acceptable. Regarding the direct effect hypotheses, the findings showed that there is a significant relationship between e-learning style and information literacy. Also, there is a direct and significant relationship between information literacy and computer literacy and e-learning style with computer literacy of the studied students. Has it. Regarding the indirect effect hypothesis, the results of the bootstrap test showed that there is a significant relationship between e-learning styles and computer literacy through information literacy.

In this study, electronic information literacy content was used to teach information literacy for virtual students and the results showed that electronic information literacy content has a major effect on students' problem solving skills and problem solving skills of students trained through electronic content. Significantly more and higher than other students who did not receive this content. According to the results of the present study, based on the relationship between e-learning styles, information literacy and computer literacy, graduate students should be able to identify their information needs, be able to evaluate, select and process them well, and finally with prior knowledge. Integrate themselves and create new knowledge. To empower students, familiarity with information literacy and the use of media for learning and teaching is a necessity that must be considered. In addition, it was found that information literacy rate can affect the effectiveness of e-learning styles on media literacy. Therefore, it is suggested that information literacy training courses be planned and implemented based on students' learning style; because more effective results will be received. It is also suggested that for the benefit of students and due to the direct relationship between computer literacy and information literacy, training courses to acquire and develop these two literacy for students to be implemented. 

 The objective is search behavior analysis and evaluation of relevance judgment of the users of information retrieval in the web hyperlink environment. In this regard, the pattern of the web information retrieval behavior of these users were explained and the rate of satisfaction with information retrieval system, the rate of the user trust on the results and effectiveness and ease of using the results and the rate of results relevance from user’s viewpoint was investigated. Also, the significance of the difference of the mentioned factors between the students of the field of information science and other fields was statistically assessed.

 This research is applied / fundamental which has been performed with combined method. The research population included 5784 students of master's and doctoral degree of information sciences and other different domains of sciences in Shahid Bahonar University from 2017-2018, that with purposeful sampling method, 50 students were selected. From this, 37 persons participated in the research process and the rest was omitted due to lack of cooperation in some stages of the study. This study was performed with the aid of a two-question scenario, one question relating to the academic field and one question in their specialized field. This study began through observation, searches and recording them with the aid of Camtasia Studio version 9. Then, the searches were observed and turned to text with the aid of word software. The text files were coded with MAXQDA version 10. The categories obtained from text analysis were used in explaining the users' pattern of information retrieval.
In the quantitative stage, for assessing the satisfaction rate of information retrieval system, the rate of users trusts in the results and ease of using the results and rate of relevance of the results from these user’s viewpoint, the structured interview (5 factors in the form of 15 questions in Likert scale) was performed and the data was collected and analyzed using SPSS software version 23. For evaluation of the variables, single sample t-test and for investigation of the statistical significance of the difference between two groups of information science and other fields, independent two-sample t-test was used and the average of the variables scores was compared with the mean and theoretical rate of 3. If the considered sigma score is more than the theoretical rate, it may be said that that criterion is in a desirable level. In assessing the reliability, the internal consistency coefficient above 0.7 was confirmed. Also, the validity of the interview (internal and external) was confirmed by 5 experts.

 Investigation of the search behavior analysis in completing both tasks in the qualitative section showed that among the browsers, Firefox and among the search engines, Google was more commonly used. Users completed each search in a 5-stage pattern: beginning of search, keyword codification, search navigation, retrieval and results evaluation, information extraction. In the beginning stage of more searches search engine has been used and using electronic address of the database or considered website is in the next ranks. The greatest frequency was related to simple search. In completing the first task, scienceDirect database and in the second task completion, Sivilika had the greatest use frequency. In keyword codification, the general to specific technique had the greatest frequency and after that keyword change, changing the number of words of the search term (including omission, addition and replacement), specific to general technique, simultaneous use of both general to specific and specific to general technique have been used respectively. In the search navigation, following links and menus had the greatest use. After that, following the results in the same tab, following the results in the new tab, using return key for going to the results tab and using back and forth keys are placed. In the fourth stage, often people only investigated the title of articles and congresses and reviewing the title and abstract of the papers are in the next stages of use. In the fifth stage, the subjects downloaded and saved as PDF and or their complete text could be accessed through DOI code.
The qualitative findings showed that most of the students were studying in the department of humanities and after that the group of basic sciences, technical engineering, agriculture and veterinary department. Also, the average of all investigated variables in both groups of information science and other fields has been more than average and in a desirable status. Among the variables, ease of search and achieving the results, the average scores of the information science group is in a lower level than other fields and the average score of satisfaction rate and results relevance among the students of information science is in a higher level than other fields. Also, the results showed that there is no statistically significant difference between two groups of information science group and other fields.

 Explaining the different patterns regarding the user features and the texture they are in will help the information media in responding the clients' requirement. Also, designers empower the search engines to design more interactive and user-friendly interface and instruments. Increasing the efficiency of information retrieval systems and user’s skill optimizes the search process. Intelligent retrieval systems have a considerable role in information interaction. In more and better interaction of the user with information systems, meaningful and relevant information may be obtained and this depends on perception of information systems of the users' needs and behaviors.

 The increasing importance of science and technology in contemporary societies and their impact on human life has caused the relationship between these two elements to be analyzed from different perspectives. This study investigates the relationship between science and technology in the field of knowledge discovery using citation analysis of patents during 1995-2014.

 This is an applied research which has been conducted using citation analysis method. The relationship between science and technology has been investigated using the indicators established in the two mentioned areas. For this purpose, we referred to the USPTO database and in the first stage, the field of Data Processing was searched. In the next step, the subject category of the data processing domain was analyzed and the subject category of knowledge discovery was identified and provided to the subject experts. After reviewing and analyzing the subject headings, they selected category 603 under the subject of Data Processing as the main category in the field of knowledge discovery. In the next step, the Current US Classification (CCL) was used to retrieve all related permissions and to avoid false dropout and search results error. All patents related to the subject of knowledge discovery (subject category 603), data processing area, including 304 patents were recalled from the earliest year of registration (1995) to the last year of registration (2014).
In the next step, bibliographic information on the first page of patents was used for citation analysis. This information is categorized into three sections named U.S. Patent Documents, Foreign Patent Documents, and Other References. The data was extracted manually from the text file and entered into Microsoft Excel 2013, and then the relationships (formulas) were coded and executed in Excel.
Geometric average formula was used to calculate the growth rate of citations. Narin (2000) proposed formula was used to study and evaluate the relationship between science and technology. The science index calculates the average number of citations to scientific articles in a patent. Scientific power indicates the degree of participation of scientific knowledge in the technical field. The technical power measurement is used to calculate the amount of technology used in the patents. Technical strength is a measure of the qualitative weight of a patent.
 
The statistical population of this research includes 304 patents in the subcategory of knowledge discovery and registered in the US Patent and Trademark Database, which was registered in this database from 1995 to 2014. By referring to the USPTO database and searching for knowledge discovery, the category of related topics was examined and finally category number 603 was selected to study the relationship between science and technology in the field of knowledge discovery. Uspto2.exe, Aostsoft All Document, and Excel software were used to extract and analyze the data. Ravar PreMap software was used to calculate the frequency and Excel program was used to calculate the growth trend of patents, growth rate of citations and drawing statistical graphs.

 Findings showed that the patents in the field of knowledge discovery during the research period have a growing trend of 30.07%. In other words, an average of 15.2 patents has been registered each year. The calculation of the growth rate of citing patents in the field of knowledge discovery using the geometric average shows 62.59% growth for a period of twenty years. Calculating the rate of citation to US patents using geometric averages shows a growth of 72.8%. Moreover, calculating the growth rate of citation to non-US patents based on geometric averages shows 87.2% growth. In this study, the link with science in the field of knowledge discovery was .3549. The closer the number of links with science is to 1, the stronger the scientific link is, and the closer it is to zero, the weaker the scientific link. In other words, the higher the citation of non-patent documents to the patents, the more it indicates that the invention in question has been produced based on research and scientific and academic theories. Scientific power in the field of knowledge discovery for the studied years was 10788.96 units, which indicates the influence of scientific documents in the patents of this field. In this research, the technical strength of the field of knowledge discovery is equal to 1967.52 units. The highest technical power (34.947) is related to 2011 and the lowest technical power (0.857) is related to 1995.

 The number of patents in the field of knowledge discovery at the USPTO database has grown by 30.07% in recent decades, with an average of 15.2 patents per year. These results show that the growth rate of patents has had ups and downs between these years. But further studies show that overall this growth has been accompanied by an upward slope; The highest number of patents was registered between 2008 and 2011. This growth has coincided with the growth of the global economy. The reason for this leap has been the need for global markets and free trade, which has led scientists, engineers and inventors to seek a share of the emerging market for emerging technologies. The results of this study showed that the rate of connection with science and its effect in the field of knowledge discovery is 35.49%. Considering the technical background in the field of knowledge discovery, this level of science participation in this field and its increase in the final years of the research period, indicates the growth of scientific research in line with technology and commercialization of scientific products of academic and industrial centers.

The expansion of public libraries, policymakers and users' expectations and budget allocations, along with the rapid advancement of information technology, has increased the number of libraries that use IT. This also requires librarians to learn the necessary knowledge in the development of information technology, the foundations of the computer and how to use it, as well as the basic principles of software and the way programs are run. Given the fact that the implementation and use of IT imposes a huge of the costs to the organization, there is no guarantee of its success. Therefore, it is necessary that the various aspects of organizational use from IT to be considered based on a variety of dimensions, such as organizational, human, environmental and technology; because the lack of attention to these factors can be affected, some factors such as the resistance to technological changes or dissatisfaction. So, This aimed to investigate the relationship between expected usefulness, organizational readiness, environmental pressures, accessibility features and information technology compatibility among librarians of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province public libraries.

The research is an applied research method done using analytical survey method. The population of this study was 175 librarians and staff of public libraries in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. Using Krejcie and Morgan tables 120 librarians were selected randomly. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data (based on the study by Iacovou & et al., 1995, Hsu & et al. 2006, and Oliviera and Martins, 2009). The validity of tools using content-formal method and reliability with Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.83) confirmed. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistical methods including one sample t test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results showed that the expected usefulness were not significantly correlated with information technology compatibility (Sig. 0.061). However, the environmental stresses (r = 0.505), organizational readiness (r = 0.506), accessibility (r = 0.708) and IT compatibility have a positive correlation and significant relationship (Sig. 0.000).

 The criteria for framing a data-driven business model model based on effective information economics policy are wide-ranging due to the complexity of this type of knowledge and their differences among entrepreneurs. A business model is a set of beliefs in order to create value from the proposed business. In the past, there was a heterogeneous understanding of the terms and concepts of business model. Words such as business idea, business concept, revenue model, or economic model can be found in the business model literature. The present study provides an information economy policy framework for data-driven businesses.

 The type of research is mixed and applied from the type of data theorizing of the foundation. The statistical population of the study was the data-driven companies registered in Tehran Science and Technology Park with an approximate number of 200 companies, of which 15 for the qualitative part by snowball method and for the quantitative part using Morgan table from the whole company. Registered with data-driven focus in Tehran Science and Technology Park, 132 companies were randomly selected. The research tools included interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using content validity method and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. Data analysis was performed using fuzzy Delphi method and SPSS19 software.

 Findings obtained in the fuzzy Delphi section with 15 experts showed that the index of promotion of products and services using information had the highest weight. In second place was the monitoring index of the effectiveness and efficiency of improvements in the revenue stream of partners. In addition, the indicators of paying attention to customer needs, paying attention to customer needs and creating creativity and creating new and innovative fields are below average. According to other findings, all components of data matching, data providers and data providers have the ability to measure the dimension of information creation. Product and service promotion index using information with a weight of 0.05391 had the highest weight. In the second place, the monitoring index of effectiveness and efficiency of the improvements made in the revenue stream of the partners was 0.04968. The average of the indicators is equal to 0.015157 and it is observed that the indicators of paying attention to customer needs, paying attention to the needs of customers and creating creativity and creating new and innovative fields are lower than the average. Also, all dimensions of information creation, information dissemination and information application have the ability to measure the information economy policy framework and the highest factor load is related to the information application dimension with a factor load of 0.497.

 The results showed that the dissemination of information has three components of information facilitation (including indicators of providing information infrastructure, information analysis and providing advice in the field of information, dissemination of defects and breakdowns of information, helping other organizations to use and exploit information, providing services Outsourcing information analysis, providing consulting services in the field of information strategy, creating specialized departments of infrastructure and information analysis), creating an information value network (including indicators for sharing information between several different organizations that have a single group of customers with The aim is to improve the cooperation of organizations for better service, standardization of information sharing mechanisms, monitoring of information quality indicators and determination of data sharing strategy and its control policies) and partner in the delivery network (including indicators of information sharing among participants in Delivery, control and measurement of the improvement of transactions, strengthening markets and increasing advertising power), which is related to the second sub-question of the research (what are the main and sub-components of providing information dissemination framework for data-driven businesses?). Also, Business partners, information flow integration with the aim of optimizing operational results and reducing costs, monitoring the clarity of information exchanged between the business, improving effectiveness and efficiency In the company's revenue stream, standard information quality and information exchange protocols, performance The product and its function can be the product of the state of sharing), because it is related to the third sub-question of the research (what are the main and secondary components of providing an information framework for the business and the function of a particular agent?). Therefore, dimensions of information creation, dissemination and function have the ability to measure the variables of the information economy policy framework.

 Today, the Internet has a vibrant presence in people's lives, but with the advent of the Internet, there have been widespread concerns about protecting personal information and making users enjoy the benefits of the Internet, requiring the knowledge and ability to apply the necessary privacy-friendly solutions. Online privacy literacy as a knowledge to protect personal information is an essential literacy for living in the digital age that provides awareness of issues related to online privacy such as awareness of threats and dangers of online privacy as well as awareness of solutions Necessary to control online privacy, it helps users to protect their information. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effective factors (Internet skills, online privacy self-efficacy, online surveillance awareness, online privacy concerns and online privacy risks) on online privacy literacy of Razi University students.

 The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and survey method. The statistical population of this study includes all students of Razi University (11268 people) in the academic year of 99-98. The sample size was 372 using Morgan's table and was determined by stratified random sampling. The researcher-made questionnaire (Internet Skills, Online Privacy Self-efficacy, Awareness of Online Monitoring, Concerns of Online Privacy and Awareness of Online Privacy Risks), Also, a researcher-made questionnaire made of online privacy literacy was used, which has 4 components (knowledge of the performance of online service providers, knowledge of technical aspects of online privacy, knowledge of information protection laws and awareness of necessary strategies for individual control). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for Internet skills (0.816), online privacy efficiency (0.763), online monitoring awareness (0.810), online privacy concerns (0. 880) and awareness of the dangers of online privacy (0.856), online privacy literacy (0.873) was obtained, which indicates the validity of the questionnaires used. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the findings using the version 24 software. 

 The results show that the average variable of online privacy literacy is equal to 2.60 (from the average value of 3). Among the dimensions of online privacy literacy, the highest average of 3.5 (from the average value of 3) is related to the dimension of social skills and the lowest average of 2.21 (from the average value of 3) is related to the dimension of knowledge of information protection laws. In addition, the average concern about online privacy (3.38) and awareness of online monitoring (3.22) is higher than the average of 3 and the average Internet skills (2.80), online privacy efficiency (2.83) and awareness of risks online privacy (2.85) is lower than the average value of three. Based on data analysis, Internet skills with an impact factor of 0.57, online privacy efficiency with an impact factor of 0.56, awareness of online monitoring with an impact factor of 0.39, awareness of the dangers of online privacy with an impact factor of 53 / and concern Online privacy with an impact factor of 0.12 is effective on the overall scale of online privacy literacy.

 Given the growing concern about online privacy violations, the importance of increasing literacy to protect the privacy of individuals on the Internet is increasing. Online privacy literacy is one of the key factors that can prevent online privacy violations. Individuals who are concerned about their privacy and who wish to protect their personal information are effectively protected by their privacy by utilizing knowledge about privacy controls, relevant laws, technical aspects as well as the practices of online service providers. Various factors affect the level of online privacy literacy that can overshadow people's ability and motivation to increase that literacy. Various factors affect the level of online privacy literacy that can overshadow people's ability and motivation to increase that literacy. Given the effectiveness of factors (Internet skills, online privacy self-efficacy, awareness of online surveillance, awareness of the dangers of online privacy and concerns about online privacy) on increasing, the privacy of online privacy in order to protect privacy on the Internet, Training and necessary measures should be taken to pay attention to and promote these factors. Therefore, the results of this study can be effective in improving the educational programs of universities and schools, libraries, cultural institutions, government agencies, media and other centers that can play a role in this, as well as the public, and lay the groundwork for planning. Public awareness of the role of the factors of this research in increasing privacy literacy should be online.

 In the last two decades, the world of public and private organizations and institutions has undergone significant changes. Rapid changes in technology, globalization, increased service quality, and a shortage of skilled and expert human resources has created a very intense competitive environment among organizations. Succeeding in such a competitive environment requires the use of new resources and methods. For this reason, researchers have proposed new knowledge-based approaches in which knowledge is considered a critical resource and perhaps the only source of the organization in creating a sustainable competitive advantage. On the other hand, in today's complex and constantly changing world, traditional methods do not respond to the massive flood of information and knowledge, so if an organization is looking for good governance, managers and employees need to equip themselves with the latest skills that the principles of quantum physics have raised a set of the skills in this area. Quantum skills refer to a set of competencies that lead to increased effectiveness and organizational development, and the resolution of undesirable conflicts. The quantum skills are not intended to replace traditional skills but to improve them. A quantum perspective generally enhances capabilities, empowerments, and more profound effectiveness; these skills are the framework for new management skills. Due to the rapid and comprehensive changes in information technology and the creation of databases, the range of activities and services of libraries and information centers are affected continuously. These changes are effective in libraries and satisfy users, and meet their demands. Motivation in human resources for knowledge and knowledge engineering, acquisition of new approaches, and quantum skills is essential. It highlights the need to identify the dimensions of quantum skills and knowledge engineering. Therefore, the present study was conducted to design a model for the impact of quantum skills on knowledge engineering in the Iran public libraries Foundation.

 Regarding the purpose, the present study pursued a functional goal, and in terms of a mixed approach, it was a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. To analyze the data, the content analysis method was used. The qualitative part of the research was directed utilizing a semi-structured interview with 15 professors of information science and information technology departments and managers of public libraries. Purposeful sampling was used to select individuals, and also content validity was conducted to ensure the validity of the interviews. The researcher provided the interview questions and submitted them to the supervisor, the consultant, and three executive experts, and after considering their corrective opinions, the questions were finalized. In the quantitative part of the research, the survey method was used. The statistical population of this section was all librarians, officials of libraries, staff, and managers of Iran Public Libraries Foundation numbering 6171 people, which was determined by Cochran's formula 362 people as the total sample size. Due to an error of 0.05% and probability of non-return of all questionnaires, 375 were distributed, but all questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The sampling method was quantitative and proportionate stratified based on the total number of employees in the provinces. The output of the qualitative part was in the form of two questionnaires, including 22 items of quantum skills and 69 items of knowledge engineering, analyzed based on a 5-point Likert scale. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis in PLS software.

 Based on the texts analysis, exploratory interview, and research team refinements, for quantum skills, three dimensions of creative thinking, systems thinking, and contingency thinking and positioning were found. On the other hand, for knowledge engineering, five dimensions of knowledge or information quality and appropriateness of knowledge engineering output, knowledge engineering, experiments were identified to validate the rules of knowledge organization, knowledge documentation, and knowledge maintenance. Also, the findings of structural equation analysis show the significant effect of quantum skills on knowledge engineering in the Iran Public Libraries Foundation.

 Quantum skills seek to discover knowledge and creative solutions to the development of the organization. Employees with high quantum skills have made more efforts to identify opportunities and take advantage of them. They are always looking for new knowledge and ideas to achieve their organizational visions and are willing to accept change to find solutions and information tools to be effective. In the affairs of the organization, these factors will lead to the development of knowledge engineering.