نشریه رهیافتی نو در مدیریت آموزشی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 60، خرداد و تیر 1402)

The role of school principals’ Instructional leadership in predicting teachers’ professional learning in the primery schools in Mashhad city. The main purpose of this study is to examine the role of school principals’ instructional leadership in predicting teachers’ professional learning across primery schools in Mashhad.

To this end, the mixed research method (Qan-Qual) was used. In the quantitative stage, study population included 50 primery schools (50 principals and 236 teachers) in the 4, 5 and 6 districts which were selected through proportional stratified sampling. Sampling in the qualitative stage was done based on the results obtained from the quantitative stage, and six schools (6 principals and 12 teachers) were chosen as the subjects of study. To analyze the quantitative data, the technique of statistical analysis of structural equations was employed whereas interpretative analysis (open and axial coding) was used to examine the qualitative data.

According to the results of the analysis, the proposed model of instructional leadership determines 62% of the variance of teacher professional learning. As a result of coding the analysis of obtained data from interviews, 11 categories, 195 key points, and 195 concepts in high level schools as well as 158 key points and 158 concepts in low level schools were extracted.

The results of quantitative data analysis showed that instructional leadership model had a direct and significant relationship with teacher professional learning. Also, the results of qualitative data suggested the following notions: definition of school mission, managing curriculum, improvement of learning climate, concerns about improving student learning, concerns about comprehensive student growth and development while providing welfare and security, teacher motivation, bases of teacher professional learning, climate of cooperation in school, change in teachers’ teaching methods and principals as role models.

The Ad Hoc international criminal tribunals paid special attention to the purposes of punishment, both normatively and procedurally. In the resolutions of the founders of these tribunals, some of the purposes of punishment have been mentioned in general, but in a significant number of Cases, the purposes of punishment have been considered in detail. Although these tribunals tried to establish a link between the issue of punishment and national peace and reconciliation, no coherent and unique approach was established between these concepts. In this article, based on the relevant documents and the study of all the Judgements issued by the tribunals in the case in which the issue of the purposes of punishment is mentioned, an attempt will be made to clarify the approach of these tribunals to the purposes of punishment, And then examine the extent to which the International criminal court influence on the approach of these tribunals.

Music education has a long history of defending its place in the school curriculum with practitioners, and researchers alike discuss the creative, social, and cognitive benefits of music in children and adolescents. On the academic achievement and social skills of female students in the fourth, fifth, sixth grade, second grade, was in Tehran. The research method was quasi-experimental. The statistical population of 361 students was selected by stepwise random sampling using Morgan table and received Gersham and Elliott (1999) social skills questionnaire. Then, in a simple group of 180 people, they were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (privet schools) and control (public schools). The experimental group was trained in one useful month in 4 sessions of useful 45 minutes in art class (anthem and music), while the control group followed their daily schedule during this period and did not receive any educational intervention. After the educational program, a questionnaire was administered to both groups again. Data analysis using analysis of covariance showed that participation in anthem and music art classes was significantly effective in promoting students' academic achievement. These results show that the art class of song and music has had a positive and significant effect on social skills in the dimensions of: cooperation, assertiveness, self-control and empathy.

The present study has studied the difficult experiences of primary school principals in Urmia with a qualitative approach. The method used was descriptive phenomenology. The researcher used thematic analysis method to analyze the data, thus identifying 88 difficult experiences of primary school principals and in the areas of students, parents, educators, school management, offices and educational districts, upstream and class decision makers. Were classified. In order to meet the objectives of the research, hierarchical analysis, Friedman test and t-test were used. The results showed that the student domain with a coefficient of 0.318 has the highest priority and the upstream domain with a coefficient of 0.078 has the lowest priority. Also, the index of "dependence of many projects on specific people and their silence after changing the position of the owner of the idea" was among the experiences with the highest priority and the index of "multiple circulars and plans for implementation at the school level" were among the experiences with the lowest priority. In this study, the status of all indicators except a few indicators such as lack of motivation and indifference of teachers to the education process were more favorable. At Last, the results and findings of this study emphasized the need to pay attention to the difficult experiences of school principals and efforts to address the challenges of school principals, as well as the importance of documenting and benefiting from the experiences of school principals.

Assessment and especially formative assessment in e-learning has weaknesses and disadvantages that need to provide solutions to improve it. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide solutions to improve formative assessment in the e-learning environments.

The method of this research was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of how to collect information. Participants in the study also included professors of e-learning centers of Tehran universities, 13 of whom were selected as the research sample using the available purposive sampling method. Data collection tool was also semi-structured interview. The content analysis coding method was also used to analyze the data.

Findings showed that the professors of e-learning centers provided 10 main solutions to improve formative assessment in the e-learning system, which are: "Using different tools of Formative Assessment", "Appropriate Feedback", "Student Authentication", "Effective use of Class Presentations", "Management of Assignments and Activities", "Effective implementation of Online Tests", "Management of Class Discussions", "Preparation of Student Assessment Program", "Management of Exercises and Projects", and "Analytical and Comparative Reporting".

Improving formative assessment in the e-learning system requires constant attention and review, and identifying such solutions while identifying strengths and weaknesses provides the opportunity to modify and improve learning, which is the main goal of formative assessment.

The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the effective training of human resources on the implementation of e-commerce in knowledge-based Companies In the field of Information And communication Technology In Tehran.research

The research method is applied and field. The statistical population of the study consisted of managers of knowledge-based companies active in the field of information and communication technology in Tehran. Theoretical saturation method was used for sampling and 15 people were selected as the sample size. In a small part, a researcher-made pairwise comparison questionnaire was used. To evaluate the validity of the journal from the opinions of experts and reliability with Cronbach's alpha, 0.87 was obtained. The questionnaire was approved. Data analysis was performed using grounded theory and Oreste methods and Expert choice software..

Evidence suggests that among the effective training of human resources for the implementation of e-commerce, training in the use of technology with a coefficient (1), training in critical thinking and analysis with a coefficient (0.840) and training to increase technology capabilities with a coefficient (0.740) rank The first to the third.

Therefore, according to the results, having the necessary training and expertise in relation to the use of e-commerce techniques, in order to gain and maintain a business advantage in an environment where there is intense competition, attract, train and retain a specialized workforce related to business techniques. Electronics must have reached a professional level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between level five leadership and distributive leadership with organizational excellence in schools through structural and psychological empowerment of teachers. The research method was descriptive-correlation with emphasis on structural equations. The statistical population of the study consisted of all primary school teachers in Fars province in the academic year 1399-1400 with 16264 people, according to the classes of the research community such as the type of region (privileged, semi-privileged and deprived), the number of cities / districts (39) and gender (male and female) by stratified random sampling method based on Cochran's formula The volume of 375 people was selected. Data collection was based on five questionnaires of level five leadership Cham Asmani, Almore distributive leadership, psychological empowerment of Spritzer, structural empowerment of Kordanij, Bakhshizadeh and Fatehalahi and Amarloo organizational excellence, whose Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.96, 0.92, 0.94, 0.93 and 0.91 were obtained, respectively. The construct validity of the questionnaires was determined through confirmatory factor analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. The results showed that: level five leadership has a direct, positive and significant relationship with psychological empowerment and organizational excellence of schools; Level five leadership has an indirect, positive and significant relationship with the organizational excellence of schools through psychological empowerment; Distributive leadership has a direct, positive and significant relationship with structural empowerment and organizational excellence of schools; Distributive leadership has an indirect, positive and significant relationship with the organizational excellence of schools through structural empowerment. In fact, level five and distribution leaders, along with the mediating role of psychological empowerment and structural empowerment of teachers, have an effective role in the excellence and organizational excellence of schools. Therefore, if school principals and leaders use Level five leadership and distributive leadership strategies and in this process use strategies such as psychological and structural empowerment, they can create favorable conditions for cooperation and participation of teachers as much as possible to grow and improve the level. Provide schools in all dimensions and organizational excellence of the school.

The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers of ninth grade students to enter the conservatory.

This research is of qualitative and phenomenological type. The statistical population of this study includes all experts and educational guidance counselors in Ilam city. Based on purposive sampling method, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 experts and consultants who had at least 10 years of service in the education system. In this study, in order to achieve validity, it was tried to use consultants and experts in the field of academic guidance, and to determine the reliability, the research partners' approval strategy was used , Accordingly, validity and reliability were confirmed. The analysis method used in the present study was Strauss and Corbin method.

Based on the results of the interviews, 5 concepts were obtained in the form of 22 themes. Findings showed that the five concepts of empowerment and knowledge of experts and teachers, effective use of information and communication technology, increasing awareness and sense of responsibility of parents, empowering and increasing students' awareness and improving the academic guidance process and scoring methods are factors that can improve the student academic guidance process. Be the ninth grade to enter the conservatory.

Conculation: 

Therefore, it is suggested to use the model presented in this study in order to be more effective and efficient in the process of academic guidance of ninth grade students.

The aim of the study was to present a model of promoting organizational commitment of the staff of the Central Organization of the Islamic Azad University. The research method is descriptive in terms of applied purpose, in terms of data collection method, which was done with a cross-sectional survey approach, and in terms of data type, it was mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the quantitative section consisted of all employees of the Central Organization of the Islamic Azad University (1715 people). Sampling method in quantitative section was a relative stratified random sampling method that 314 people were selected as a sample to determine the sample size using Cochran's formula. In this "research", in order to "collect" data, a "constructed" research questionnaire was used, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of which was 0.960. According to the questions of research, methods of statistics, descriptive and inferential (constructional equations modeling, exploratory factor analysis, Confirmation factor analysis, Path analysis, Pearson correlation and t single sample) Spss-v21 and Lisrel-V8.8 software were used. The results showed that the dimensions of promoting organizational commitment (individual, organizational and environmental) and its components (positive feeling about the job, work experience, flexibility, trust, autonomy, organizational climate, organizational culture, organizational justice, job motivation, job security, management support, business communication, leadership skills, alternative job opportunities, social environment and economic environment) were presented according to the dimensions and components of a model that had a good fit.. All possible direct and indirect paths between research variables were evaluated . The results showed that the direct effects of the identified variables on the promotion of organizational commitment in the central organization of the Islamic Azad University have been confirmed.

Indicators are data for analysis, analysis and accurate measurement of policy in cultural and educational development.These data in every society should be compiled according to the historical and religious identity within that society. Therefore, in Islamic societies, the Qur'an is the most comprehensive and richest thought system for extracting educational implications and determining indicators of cultural development.

By reviewing the verses and examining the thought and conceptual system of the Qur'an based on the method of emergent implication-research, this research has extracted the meanings and the contributions of the verses related to education policy making, and by coding and analyzing the meanings, the implications of educational policy in the realization of and cultural development has been achieved.

From the point of view of the Qur'an, a human being, the Caliph of God, is a dignified being and has been created in the best form and has both material and spiritual dimensions. Cultural and educational development brings a peace that has both a worldly side and an approach to the hereafter. The Holy Qur'an provides educational macro-indicators in the realization of desirable cultural development with signs such as individual and social growth and promotion based on piety, rationality and wisdom, attention to divine traditions in the system of existence, justice and the enjoyment of education by all members of the society, and meritocracy in educational management and discipline.

Talking about cultural development and educational indicators does not mean not paying attention to the economic and livelihood welfare of the people, but providing the livelihood of the people is a means to reach the closeness of God and serving God in the shadow of good life.

The purpose of this study was to design a competency model for educational managers of the Social Security Organization.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collection method is in the category of qualitative research and was conducted using the grounded theory. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts (senior educational managers of the Social Security Organization) in the year 2020. For sampling, purposive sampling method was used and sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached, based on this, 15 interviews were conducted. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. For validation used Criteria validity, portability, reliability and verification,

Adapted from the text in the open coding stage, 103 concepts in the axial coding stage, taking into account the semantic similarity of the identified concepts, 12 sub-categories and finally 4 main categories, including core competencies, managerial competencies, professional competencies and Strategic competencies were achieved.

According to the results of the research, the managers of the Social Security Organization are recommended to pay attention to the indicators identified in this research, which reflect the opinions of experts, in selecting and employing educational managers.

The purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions and components of an effective teaching model in primary school. This research has been done qualitatively and by content analysis method. Participants in this study are teachers working in education in Fars province with a history of at least 15 years and have a master's degree or higher. The individuals were selected by purposive sampling method based on their teaching experience in the primary school. Sampling was performed with the participation of 18 experts. Data collection tools include two sections: reviewing upstream documents in the library section and semi-structured interviews in the field section. Data analysis was performed based on content analysis. In order to ensure validity, the interview questions were approved by 3 experienced teachers.Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability, the overall coefficient was 84%.Findings showed that the effective teaching model includes 3 main components (individual, teaching and evaluation, scientific-educational) and 10 indicators (personality, communication, professional ethics, classroom management, teaching skills, evaluation and evaluation, technical and professional, educational And research, preparation and development, scientific support).Discussion and Conclusion The issue of effective teaching in primary school should be given special attention. Also, teachers, as an important part of the scientific community of any country, have an important role in the production of science and knowledge. Attract efficient staff and give the required training and skills to teachers, as well as real understanding of the needs of their teachers and with the necessary knowledge and awareness, provide them with the necessary resources and provide access to it and provide the ground for teachers' growth and excellence, because if Teachers have good teaching, then we can hope to improve the quality of educational activities and missions.

This research was developmental in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data type. Data collection and data were analyzed by transcribing the text of the interviews obtained through the meta-combination and Delphi method. The statistical population of the present study included experts in the field of culture and curriculum that were used to design and compile a cubic curriculum. The sampling method in this population was snowball sampling. From the statistical population, 15 experts were selected by snowball sampling. The data collection method was done through library studies (English and Persian books and articles, dissertations, websites as well as a researcher-made questionnaire). Content validity was analyzed using expert opinions and to determine the reliability of the measurement tool of the present study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. The meta-combined method was used to analyze the data in the present study. The Delphi technique was also used to reach consensus in group decisions.

The goal of this study was designing the model of Communicative Language Teaching approach in teaching English for improving English skills. The research approach was qualitative and the method was Research Synthesis. This part was done based on 6 steps of Research Synthesis. The research domain was all the related texts and resources in Communicative Language Teaching including 15 books between 2002 and 2016 and 30 internal and external articles between 2008 and 2020. The Gathering data tool was note-taking of available resources, after literature analysis; by open, axial and selective coding, seven elements were recognized around three main categories of human elements, tools elements and interactional elements. Human elements were grouped into subject and community, tools elements were grouped into rules and mediating artifacts and interactional elements were grouped into division of labor and community, and extracted elements were applied in the Communicative Language Teaching model after validation of elements by Delphi method and using experts' comments about this domain. The findings were resulted to designing the Communicative Language Teaching model to be used in English lesson plans for improving four English skills including speaking, listening, reading and writing.

Test anxiety is a type of situational anxiety (certain phobia) that has a certain state of general anxiety including phenomenological, physiological, and behavioral responses to fear of failure and negatively affects one's quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing anxiety symptoms and improving the quality of life of students with test anxiety. The present study was an experimental study (with pre-test, post-test, and a 3-month post hoc study) in which repeated measures analysis of variance with control group were used. From among the first period high school male students of CHENAR SHAHIJAN in Fars province, 50 individuals with test anxiety disorder were selected and assigned into experimental and control groups. Data were collected using Friedman & Jacob Test Anxiety Inventory (1997) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument- Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). The treatment protocol comprised using Wildermouth Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques in 9 sessions of one and a half hour weekly. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc test using SPSS 22. The results showed that the psychological intervention in the post-test and post hoc reduced students' test anxiety scores in three dimensions of social humiliation, cognitive error and stress, and improved their quality of life. Cognitive behavioral therapy causes significant changes (p