فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 54 (تابستان 1402)

The extradition of criminals requires cooperation between the two governments requesting extradition and the sender. It should be noted that the topic of extradition of criminals can be examined from different legal aspects. In the legal literature, it is mostly focused on the aspect of criminal law and international criminal law and international criminal law. However, since this issue implies an obligation for governments (countries), it can also be examined from the point of view of international (non-criminal) liability law. In the meantime, attention and consideration of the rights of the person to be extradited is also something that should be taken into consideration by the requesting and sending governments; A matter that has not been paid attention to as it should and perhaps in international law. The following article tries to comment on the realization of the joint international responsibility of governments in the field of extradition of criminals.   

The present research is analytical-descriptive in terms of its nature and method, and the collection of information was done through document review and data collection.

If during the process of extradition, damages and injuries, which are sometimes irreparable, are caused to the extradited person, it implies the international responsibility of both the sending and requesting countries. The situation of extradition of criminals can imply the simultaneous responsibility of more than one country. This means that every country has international responsibility for the wrongful act it has committed in this regard. According to the 2001 collection of articles of the United Nations International Law Commission in the field of international responsibility of states for international wrongful acts, this can be joint responsibility.

Law of neutrality is a branch of law of armed conflict (LAC) which is appeared along with the limitation and prohibition of use of force. On the other side, new technologies, inter alia, through cyber operations has made a new wind to be blowing in the most areas of international law including LAC. The authors of the present article seek to explore the application of law of neutrality on cyber operations in the light of 2017 Tallinn Manual 2.0 on International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations.

This article has been written through employing the descriptive-analytical method in exploring the material and relying on library sources including the valid and related English and Persian books and articles.

According to the findings of the article, the authors of Tallinn Manual 2.0 maintain that the traditional system of neutrality can be applied to cyber operations. We believe that although this is generally correct and reasonable, it appears that one cannot neglect the notable differences existing between cyber operations and specifically cyber weapons with previous weapons. Consequently, we are of this opinion that besides the traditional system of neutrality, new and updated norms and standards are needed for regulating cyber operations in international law sphere.

One of the crucial safeguards in achieving the sovereignty of public rights of society, particularly individual rights and freedoms, is the role and authority of the district attorney. Two judicial and administrative roles that can effectively contribute to the criminal justice systems of other institutions, such as arranging prisons and reducing their population, have been added to the district attorney's role and authority.

Methodolog:

 the present article, with a descriptive and analytical method, tries to deal with the comparative processing of the role of the district attorney in Iranian and American law, moreover to analyze the recognition of the position and role of the prosecutor's office in reducing the criminal prison population.

when comparing the roles of each prosecuting institution in Iran and the United States, reveal that the district attorney has played a substantial role in Iran and that this function is more evident than in the United States of America. Additionally, the district attorney in Iran is considered a part of the judiciary and its role in the process of reducing the criminal population of prisoners is subject to the country's constitutional and adopted laws. This is despite the fact that district attorney can be effective in the decision to punish the criminal to a significant extent based on the powers he has, but he cannot take action on a macro level to reduce the criminal population of prisons, in the system of the United States of America, the district attorney has no duty but to fulfill his role and acts under the supervision of the district attorney general. In fact, in this system, the attorney general is a member of the cabinet and acts as the minister of justice and is elected by the president and has considerable power and authority.

Political parties have a unique position in democratic systems and their social and organizational functions are irreplaceable. But this unique position does not mean that they do not need supervision. This is why different political systems monitor the activities of parties in different ways. Considering the influence that parties can have on the political, social, administrative and economic life of countries, one of these supervisions is criminal supervision. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the question of how and to what extent political parties can be subject to criminal sentences.

This research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach, by studying books, authentic articles and checking the current laws and regulations of Iran and some countries.

What has been discussed in this research is the investigation of the theoretical foundations of the criminal liability of political parties and its purpose is to explain the intellectual foundations of this matter in order to act as a light for the criminal legislator. Looking at the practice of other countries in this regard and their cautious performance in recognizing or not recognizing criminal liability for parties, as well as evaluating the capacity of Article 20 of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013 in managing the matter, confirms the necessity that the Iranian legislator in response to The meaning of extension or non-extension of criminal responsibility towards political parties should be studied more deeply and not be satisfied with the current Article 20 of the Islamic Penal Code.

The advancement of technology causes the emergence of new phenomena that, despite the value and importance of technology growth in human life, may face challenges that require the intervention of the law. Human cloning is one of the advantages that its systematic representation or even criminalization requires to know about it and the challenges related to it. Based on this, we will examine the issue of human cloning and its criminalization in Iran's legal system. And what position does the European Union have?

This article is written in a descriptive-analytical way.

The findings show that there are different types of simulation, including research or therapeutic simulation, human, animal, and plant simulation, and embryonic-therapeutic-reproductive simulation. Human cloning technology has raised challenges in various fields of religious, moral, social and legal life. Among these challenges, we can mention the violation of human dignity, the deposit of the human body, ambiguity in kinship relations, ambiguity in alimony and inheritance, and mixing of genealogy. Regarding the criminalization of human cloning in Iran, it should be said that although there are opinions regarding the sanctity of this act, the legislator currently does not have a clear position on this matter. Also, in some cases, such as the identical fingerprints of people that are created in the simulation, there are also problems, of course, it is necessary to think of preparations in this field if it is allowed. Human cloning is.

The Supreme Leader has repeatedly challenged the established international order. In his opinion, the signs of the emergence of a new multifaceted system against the unilateralism system of domination are now more prominent than ever; For this reason, the purpose of the present research is the future study of the geometry of the modern international order from his point of view.

The current research method is a descriptive-analytical method that was done by studying and reviewing them.

He considers the future of the new international order to contain data and facts that the three characteristics of the change of the new world order; The isolation of the United States of America, the transfer of power to Asia, the expansion of the ideology of resistance and the development of its fields. Also, from his point of view, the future study of the new international order includes the formation of a desirable world order through international integration and the establishment of a world society where its citizens live as much as possible under the shadow of justice and security. He refers to interaction and convergence with countries and the international community as one of the principles of diplomacy of the Islamic Republic system, especially in the second step of the revolution. Their desired convergence in the world community will be realized when people live together in a just peace; On the other hand; The desired world order will be realized through the formation of the new Islamic order and the establishment of the world-wide justice government of Mahdavi Mououd. The characteristics of this stage are the formation of a single global government and the fulfillment of the Islamic Ummah's wish for evolution and progress along with the expansion of justice, spirituality and human dignity.

Due to the increasing growth of maritime piracy during the last two decades, many countries of the world updated their domestic laws with the aim of equipping themselves as much as possible against this emerging phenomenon. In this regard, the specific criminalization of sea piracy, increasing punishment, facilitating the proof of the elements of the crime of sea piracy and even reversing the burden of proof of some elements of this crime are such measures. Unfortunately, despite the fact that its ships have been the target of pirate attacks in recent years, our country has not taken specific and specific measures in this regard at the legislative level. 

The current research method is a descriptive analytical method and the method of collecting information is a library method. 

Since sea piracy has not been criminalized as an independent crime in Iran's criminal law and its elements have not been defined, as a result, Iranian courts are forced to use general criminal regulations to try and punish arrested pirates. In the present research, an attempt has been made to define sea piracy as a general internal crime by using domestic laws and some international documents that our country is a member of, in the same way as it is used in the case of domestic crimes, and its three elements are identified. and finally, applicable punishments for the perpetrators of sea piracy in different cases and situations should be specified. In doing this, domestic laws as well as some international documents that our country is a member of and other international regulations have been used.

The Universal Periodic Review mechanism is a concrete example of the principle of sovereign equality in Article 1 of the United Nations Charter. This process has left no place for any government to complain about discrimination or superiority of powerful governments. The Universal Periodic Review mechanism supports the three important foundations of peace and security, development and human rights, and is considered one of the most important monitoring mechanisms of the United Nations Human Rights Council, in which non-governmental organizations play an important role. There is no doubt that non-governmental organizations are creative in interacting and cooperating with this international mechanism, but the question is whether they were able to improve their position in this mechanism, unlike other human rights mechanisms, treaty bodies and special procedures, or their role and prove their effective function in creating and promoting the culture of human rights by providing advice and participation in the country under investigation?

This is a scientific-research article and it was written in a documentary (library) method.

This article deals with the role of non-governmental organizations and their influence in applying and implementing the recommendations of the government-oriented mechanism, using the national report of Turkey, stakeholder reports and the Universal Periodic Review info’s database. The recommendations presented in the interactive dialogue express the concerns of non-governmental organizations. The results of this study show that the recommendations of non-governmental organizations, especially their coalitions in this country, are closely related to many of the recommendations of the investigating governments and other human rights mechanisms of the United Nations, such as treaty bodies and special procedures, which are the complementary arm of this mechanism.

In the era of globalization and advanced technology, terrorism is no longer limited by national or regional borders. By enlisting the help of cross-border allies and with connections to communications and financial networks, terrorists are usually able to organize and execute their terrorist activities anywhere. However, the insurgents succeeded and adapted to the global trend, the efforts and counter-terrorists remained national and national, and this enabled them to cooperate through the existing loopholes in the international system that was set up for prosecution and punishment.

The research methodology in this analytical research is descriptive, and by collecting information from books, articles and scientific sites, the role of police in pre-empting and combating terrorism has been explained.

we conclude that the police, as a force for maintaining peace and security, are based on a community-based policing approach, and by studying the history of terrorist activities, the use of public and specialized counter-terrorism strategies, the use of the capabilities of their specialized police, including: Police Interpol, Cyber Police, Information Police, Border Police, Special Units and Political Consultative Organizations, each of which have the expertise necessary to prevent and combat terrorism, and the future of terrorism and anti-terrorism methods will play an effective role in countering terrorism.