فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران
سال پنجاه و چهارم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Despite the availability of various scientific-research infrastructures in Ilam University, the number of start-ups and student-based companies is few. It seems that one of the expected functions of the university can be to set up and develop student work teams in the form of various working groups and startups.The aim of this study was to identify the inhibitors of student teamwork in Agriculture faculty of Ilam University Ilam University.Qualitative research methodology and among the qualitative methods, phenomenological method has been used. Participants in the study were 18 students and faculty members of Ilam University who were selected and studied by sampling method. Data collection tool was semi structured intervie.the criterion for the end of sampling and the number of people studied was saturation data theoretical. Data analysis was performed using coding and categorization and Using Max Kyoda software version 12 is done. Reliability (accuracy of findings from the perspective of the researcher and participants) was used to confirm the validity and reliability of the findings. Based on the research results, 31 categories were identified as inhibitors of student teamwork in the form of four axes: individual, structural, contextual and the nature of work. It is suggested that the number of entrepreneurial events in Ilam University be increased in order to acquaint students with the methods of idea generation and identifying entrepreneurial opportunities. Also introduce successful models of student teamwork of other universities to students.

Improving the livelihoods of local people has received growing attention during last two decades and is one of the main goals of national government. This research aimed to investigate the effect of migration on the sustainable livelihood of Sistanian immigrant households in the rural area of Golestan province. The research method is a descriptive survey based on a questionnaire. The target population includes 25,000 heads of migrant households from Sistan and Baluchestan province to Golestan province. Using Cochran's formula, 250 persons were selected as the research sample. Samples were selected from 12 counties of Golestan province by multi-stage cluster sampling. Validity of the questionnaire was verified based on expert's view and reliability was confirmed based on the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the one sample t-test showed that the natural and financial capital were less than average (inappropriate). The results of investigating livelihood strategies showed that, the most important livelihood strategies are farming, livestock, horticulture, stockpiling forestry resources and being worker. The results of assessing vulnerability trends showed that items such coherence and solidarity of households, income-earning job opportunities, numbers of livestock and poultry, income level and household purchasing power were more important in reducing vulnerability. While items such as inflation and high pollution of air and water were more important in increasing vulnerability. The results of assessing the immigration impacts showed that the economic, natural, cultural-social and service-welfare impacts of immigration were more than average. These results indicate that immigration has led to changes and improvements in the households' life, and expected positive effects such as improved welfare and access to services and employment have been achieved.

Water is a gradually scarce resource. This growing scarcity turns out to be even more substantial in climate change condition. On the other hand, erosion is a challenging problem not only since it leads to productivity losses, but also because it is related to desertification and rural poverty. As a consequence, conserving both water and soil are two of the most vital issues in water-constrained region such as Firoozabad plain. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of challenges surrounding the adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices, this study investigates the impacts of economic, social, human, and financial variables as well as those of the individual properties of farmers on the adoption of SWC as a joint decision, using a Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Regression (SUBPR) model. Socioeconomic and production information were collected on a sample of 204 farms randomly selected in 8 villages. The result of diagonality test indicated that the residual terms of the two equations are correlated, which leads support to the use of the SUBPR model. In other words, SWC is a joint decision. Result also showed that 43.6% of farmers adopt water conservation, 44.1% adopt soil conservation and 24% adopt both. In the water equation, age, farm size, off-farm activities and access to credit, have positive and significant effects on the likelihood of adopting conservation. In contrast, family size and the number of land plots have negative and significant influences on adoption. In the soil equation, educations, farm size, family numbers working on farm and crop rotation have positive and significant effects on adoption. In contrast, Family size has a negative and significant influence. Finally, the result obtained from the equation for the case of joint adoption showed that farm size, education, access to credit, off-farm activities and family members working on-farm are important variables associated with the adoption of conservation measures. The findings of this study could help to improve the understanding of farmers’ behavior regarding conservation, and thus help the development of incentives and instruments focusing on soil and water programs.

Sustainable production of organic food requires the attention to the demand side and the driving factors behind the intention to purchase organic food. Therefore, the present study attempts to evaluate the most important driving factors of intention to purchase organic food using the theory of planned behavior and structural equation modeling. The data for this study were obtained by collecting 160 questionnaires from consumers in Mashhad using convenience sampling method in 2019. The results revealed that the behavioral attitudes, perceived behavioral control, environmental concern and health consciousness have a positive and significant effect (0.26, 0.19, 0.22, and 0.18, respectively) on intention to purchase organic food. Also, the environmental concern and health consciousness indirectly influence the intention to purchase organic food by affecting the behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and perceived quality of the product. According to the results, it is suggested that information be provided on issues related to personal health and food safety, as well as the consequences of environmental degradation to consumers.

By producing of healthy and organic agricultural products could be help the sustainability of the ecosystem and the health of society, but this bitter truth should be also accepted that organic and healthy farmers has been confronted with many obstacles for this production. Therefore, identifying the production of healthy and organic agricultural products deterrent barriers and its facilitating factors from farmers’ perspective is very important. The current qualitative research was conducted using the content analysis method to achieve this purpose. In this study, in order to collect data, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 farmers in the area of healthy and organic production, and statistical samples were selected in a purposeful way and continued until the theoretical saturation point was reached. Instrument data collection were semi-structured and in-depth interviews with farmers who had the experience of organic agricultural or were a healthy product producer (n=11). Then Data collected were analyzed using MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2020 software. These Data were organized in three stages of open coding, categorization and abstraction. To evaluate the validity and reliability of this qualitative study, four criteria of Credibility, Transferability, Dependability and Confirm ability were used. The results showed that 55 percent of farmers with a healthy production certificate were men and 45 percent were women. Regarding the current situation of production in the province, 25 initial codes were identified in four main categories. The results of the analysis of interviews with farmers regarding deterrents showed that 57 initial codes identified in seven categories: economic and market, government-supportive, attitude-cultural, natural, productive and technical, research and development and education, legal and individual-professional were summarized. Also, 16 initial output codes related to promotional factors were extracted. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that the direction of the government's agricultural policies should be directed towards the environmental and social goals of producing healthy and organic products.

Lorestan province is one of the 5 flood-prone provinces in terms of weather conditions and high average rainfall. During floods, many economic and social damages are inflicted on individuals and their livelihoods. Estimating post-flood vulnerability is always one of the challenges of crisis and risk management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the vulnerability of farmers to floods. The statistical population of this study is 3843 households who are living along the Afrineh river basin in Poledokhtar Township. The sample size was determined to be 350 according to Cochran's formula and the participants were selected through a simple random sampling method. An Index-based method was used to assess vulnerability. The vulnerability was measured based on three components of exposure, sensitivity and, adaptive capacity. Cluster analysis and one-way ANOVA were used to grouping and identify the factors affecting the vulnerability. The results showed that most rural households are in the middle class based on vulnerability to floods. The results of the analysis of variance showed that flood duration index in exposure dimension, financial and, livelihood indicators in sensitivity dimension and social capital and human capital indicators in adaptation dimension had a significant effect on the vulnerability of rural households. Therefore, diversifying products and sources of income and encouraging villagers to participate in rural organizations and, creating incentives for participation and cooperation among farmers can play a constructive role in reducing the effects of flood risk.

Agriculture is recognized as the driving force of economic growth, especially in developing economies. Attention to agriculture is extremely important, especially during economic sanctions owing to its critical roles such as income for rural people, food security, job creation, and foreign exchange earnings. On the other hand, foreign trade is vital to technology transfer to the country. The present study investigates the linear (nonlinear) relationship between agricultural import shocks and agricultural growth in Iran using annual data for the period 1978-2020 by application of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL). The results confirmed asymmetry in the impact of imports on growth. In other words, the superiority of the nonlinear model was in explaining the relationships between variables. To be specific, a positive and negative shock to agricultural imports affected sector growth by 0.18 and -0.05 percent, respectively in the long run. However, the latter was found statistically insignificant. Moreover, we found evidence of the asymmetry in the effect of other variables (except labor) on growth.

Iran is located in a part of the Northern Hemisphere climate cycle where there is air mass subsidence; as a result, over two-thirds of this country has arid and semi-arid climate. The main challenges facing Iran water resources are the annual decline in renewable water resources, increase in the number of water pollutants, and aquifer over-exploitation, putting drainage basins in a precarious position. In keeping with this, the present paper studied the factors affecting this instability in Iran’s drainage basins in terms of water poverty. To this end, using water poverty index (WPI) of Iran’s drainage basins and the affecting factors, social, economic, and environmental data were collected for 2016. Results revealed that the average WPI in all the drainage basins is 43.73. Among the components, resources and consumption have the lowest values, i.e. 19.24 and 36.85, respectively. In terms of WPI ranking, the basins of Daranjir Desert, South-Baluchistan, Hamun-e Jaz Murian, Qara Su and Gorgan, Kal and Mehran, Bandar Abbas, and Sedij are precarious and instable, and the basins of Sefidrood, Persian Gulf (western border), lake Urmiah, and Karun lack water deficit stress and have yield stability. Therefore, the author(s) recommend that the study and examination of water resources be conducted using holistic approaches in order to establish integrated management of water resources.

One of the main challenges of rural development during recent decades is the issue of people's livelihoods instability, which leads to undesirable socioeconomic impacts. Thus, the most crucial and effective means for promoting development goals in rural areas is to identify the households’ livelihoods status, the extent they have access to livelihood assets and the factors affecting that. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of rural livelihood assets on their livelihoods diversity. In line with this, a survey method was used to collect data. The statistical population of interest composed of 6670 rural households living in rural areas of Bavi County. A sample of 260 persons as the head of rural households, based on Kerjcie and Morgan table, was selected using cluster random sampling. A questionnaire was designed to collect data. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed based on the opinion of a panel of faculty members and experts. To ensure its reliability, a pilot study was conducted on a sample outside the scope of the study, and the calculated alpha coefficients showed an acceptable value for the research variables. Data was analyzed using Excel2013 and SPSS20 software.The results showed that the livelihoods diversity in Bavi’s rural areas was low and not desirable. The rural situations based on their livelihood assets’ prosperities were different; the housholds with a diversified income source had a better situation regarding all livelihood assets than those who had not. Also, the results of regression model estimation represented that livelihood assets variables together with other variables of non-agricultural work experience, agricultural work experience and age accounted for 32.4% of variations in dependent variable of livelihood diversity.

The exchange cost of agricultural business units is an influential factor in the final price of the product, the net prices received by farmers and their participation pattern in the market. The current survey research was conducted with the aim of the effect of transaction costs on the behavior and participation of producers in the potato market in Hamadan province. The statistical population of this study is the producers of agricultural products in Hamadan province in the crop year of 2020-2021. The required sample was obtained using multi-stage simple random sampling. In this way, the sample size was determined to be 65 potato growers in Hamadan province. The necessary statistical information was collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that improving the access roads to the market and increasing the membership of farmers in agricultural unions have a negative effect on the possibility of farmers participating as sellers, and increasing the distance has a positive effect. In the presence of exchange cost, only 13.84% of farmers have participated in the market as buyers, and reducing the amount of exchange cost can increase farmers' market participation.

Applying organic production measures and methods at the orchard level requires changing the behavior of farmers. The purpose of the present study was to explain the behavioral intention of organic pistachio production at the level of 4831 pistachio workers in the central part of Ardakan county of Yazd province by using the developed theory of planned behavior and technology acceptance by adding the variable of knowledge of organic cultivation. This research is practical in terms of purpose and quantitative research in terms of research design. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 356 people and using stratified sampling method with proportional assignment, people were selected and studied. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS22 and SmartPLS2 software. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through face validity by a panel of experts as well as diagnostic validity. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to calculate the reliability of the research tool, which was obtained above 0.7. The research results showed that the subjective norm variable (β=0.265) is the only factor in the behavioral intention to use organic pistachio production methods. The highest frequency of organic production knowledge variable is good (45.5 percent), behavioral intention variable is poor (83.7 percent), perceived behavior control variables (41.3 percent), attitude (40.4 percent) and mental norm. (37.4 percent) was medium level. Based on the findings of this research, it was suggested that in order to reduce the gap between knowledge and behavioral intention, the extension unit should design organic pistachio production training courses in such a way as to facilitate the application of these types of methods and its management at the garden level to be noticed by pistachio farmers.

Medicinal plants are one of the valuable resources in the extensive level of Iran's nature that can play an important role in community health, job creation and increasing non-oil exports. The first step in market development and profitability of medicinal plants is to identify the behavior of consumers in the acceptance of medicinal plants. The main object of this study was to investigate the economic factors affecting the acceptance of medicinal plants in Khorramabad city using the Tobit model and Heckman two-stage method. The required data of the model were collected using simple random sampling method by 384 questionnaires. According to the research results, in the first stage, income with a coefficient of 0.26 has a positive and significant effect on consumption of medicinal plants. The variables of access cost, trust to the medical plants, as well as the learning to consumers and sellers variable with coefficients of 0.006, 0.008 and 0.02, respectively, have a positive effect on consumption. In the second stage, the variable of chemical insurance coverage with a coefficient of -0.07 has a negative and significant effect on consumption. and the variable of satisfaction with the positive effect of medicinal plants consumption with a coefficient of 0.16 has a positive and significant effect on the amount of medicinal plants consumption.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the development of the academic entrepreneurship ecosystem. The identification of entrepreneurial components and the configuration of factors affecting the development of the academic entrepreneurial ecosystem are among the goals. The research has been done with a quantitative and qualitative approach. In the qualitative part, with a saturated sample of factors, experts from industrial and service businesses have been used. In addition, 52 environmental and entrepreneurial experts were used with nine factors. Statistical Society; They are academic members of public and free universities in Tehran and business owners.The findings showed that the factor of ecosystem investment and financing culture (0.42), entrepreneurial policy culture (0.12), infrastructure development culture (0.16), research and development culture (0.19), ecosystem institutionalization culture (0.33) 0), ecosystem market development culture (0.14), business environment improvement culture (0.50), governance policy culture (0.15) have an active and effective role in determining the development of academic entrepreneurial ecosystem. The results showed that the creation of ecosystem development infrastructure and market development in the university entrepreneurship ecosystem effectively affect the improvement of the business environment. The development of research in the ecosystem leads to the improvement of the ecosystem environment and the involvement of governance factors in policy making and laws is reduced in it. In addition, the test to measure the mutual effects of the factors showed that the three factors of investment culture, creating infrastructure and marketing products have played an effective role in the development of the academic entrepreneurial ecosystem.