نشریه زمین شناسی کاربردی پیشرفته
سال سیزدهم شماره 48 (تابستان 1402)

Today, hydrocarbon reservoir modeling methods used for optimal production, predicting reservoir behavior, and production management is very important. In this study, the geology of the Bangestan reservoir was analyzed along with the evaluation of a 3D geological model created by RMS software (structural and petrophysical models) of the Kaboud oil field. The petrographic study of the concerned samples indicates that the main lithology of Bangestan Reservoir in this field consists of limestone, shale, dolomite, and pelagic limestone. Using the merge of geological (paleologs), petrophysical, structural, and RMS output data, the Bangestan Reservoir was subdivided into 8 zones and 4 subzones. The results obtained by the geostatic models prepared by RMS showed that the most proper reservoir zone considering petrophysical features in Bangestan Reservoir is zone No. 4. The stratigraphic correlation of Bangistan Reservoir in Kabud oil field based on the studied wells showed that this zone has the highest thickness in well 1 and the least thickness in well 5. In the prepared cross-section prepared according to NTG, it is observed that the more the layers move towards the east of the field, the better the reservoir quality would be. Volumetric calculations verified that the volume in place of oil in normal conditions is 048/308/72 barrels which correspond to zone No. 4.

Automatic extraction and reconstruction of these objects from aerial and satellite data can diminish the role of humans in the production of large-scale urban spatial information and reduce the cost and time, reduce their production drastically. Identifying target objects from aerial and satellite images using computer image processing techniques and neural networks is one of the most widely used algorithms for identifying urban features. Among these types of networks are Convolution Neural Networks, which have a high power to extract high-level features in all kinds of images. In this research, more than 850 educational examples of important urban structural features including buildings, roads and single trees have been prepared. In this research, among the different types of existing networks, due to the higher speed of processing, Convolution Neural Network based on one-shot multi-box detector with ResNet network base has been used in order to automatically discover and extract the range of these complications. The proposed model is trained by training samples based on 85% training data and 15% validation data, with 120 iterations and 93% accuracy. The trained model has been implemented on different images of the study area to discover the target complications. The evaluation results of the model are based on the accuracy criterion equal to 0.86, the recovery criterion equal to 0.82, and the F1Score criterion equal to 0.83. The results show that the proposed algorithm can be recruited in fields such as producing and updating large-scale urban maps and change detection in urban areas.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating environmental changes based on calcareous nannofossils. For this purpose, a section of the Kazhdumi Formation was sampled southwest of Yasouj. As a result of the study of 60 smear slides, 42 species belonging to 21 genera of calcareous nannofossils were identified from marine deposits. According to the recorded nannofossils, the age of Albian for Kazhdumi Formation in the studied section was determined. In addition, this study led to the establishment and differentiation of the following bio-zones: Prediscosphaera columnata Zone and Eiffelithus turriseiffelii Zone. Also, the evaluation of facies in the present study shows rapid sea-level changes. On the other hand, it seems that the activity of the Kazerun fault has caused changes in the sedimentary conditions and the creation of different facies during the Albian stage. Therefore, fossil data together with lithostratigraphic studies indicate sedimentary changes from a shallow carbonate system to deep marine sediments.

Brittleness index is one of the important parameters in rock engineering, which affects the drillability of the rocks in various geotechnical projects such as tunnels, caves, dams, oil and gas wells, road trenches, and building stone quarries. Investigating the drillability of the rocks before drilling operations can significantly help planning and managing the implementation of geotechnical projects, which will save time and cost of exploration operations. In this paper, the drillability of two laminated sandstone samples (with various lamination spacing) has been investigated based on the brittleness index, considering the orientation and spacing of lamination. For this purpose, after preparing cylindrical cores, uniaxial compressive strength and Brazilian tensile strength of sandstone samples at lamination angles (β) of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° were determined. Next, based on the results of these strengths, the brittleness index values were calculated in the various βs. Based on the data analysis, lamination orientation plays a significant role in the drillability, so that the easiest and hardest drilling conditions are obtained at β of 30° and 90°, respectively. Also, the results indicate that the sandstone sample with lesser lamination spacing had more suitable conditions in terms of drillability compared to other sandstone samples. In the end, the findings of the present research can be useful and efficient in practice for geotechnical projects that require drilling in laminated rocks.

Bazman volcano is a member of the volcanic arc of Makran subduction zone. According to previous eruptions, its future likely eruption may be accompanied by lava flow, tephra, and nuee ardente generation. Such indicators as mild erosion, thermal springs, fresh lavas, and continued subduction of the oceanic plate of the Oman sea reveal that Bazman can be reactivated in the future. Its eruption is estimated to be the volcano to sub-Plinian type with VEI of 3-5. For zoning the hazards, ARC GIS, ENVI as well as VORIS softwares were employed by using DEM and satellite pictures. For the construction of the tephra fallout map the convection-dispersion model, and for the construction of nuee ardente spread-out map, the Malin and Sheridan (1982) model were employed. Also, a simulation model was used for the generation of lava spreading map. According to the study, in accordant with prevailing western winds, the ashes will move towards the east. However, lava flows may spread in the north, west, and east direction. Nuee ardentes can spread in almost all directions. Bazman town is not under threat, but some parts of Bam-Iranshahr road may be threatened by ashes and lava flows. Additionally, ashes may reach several remote and small villages but the risk to them is low.

The Zang Trap Formation is a carbonate unit that is the result of the first transgression of the sea at the beginning of the Cenozoic on the northern and eastern margins of the Lorestan area. This unit is located on the Amiran turbidite Formation and below the clastic and continental deposits of the Kashkan Formation with a discontinuous boundary. The facies and age of the Taleh Zang Formation in different areas of Lorestan area show important differences. In order to study the facies and sedimentary environment of Taleh Zang Formation in the north of Lorestan area, two stratigraphic sections of Qableh and Darabi in the west and north of Kuh Dasht, respectively, were studied. Based on the recognized large foraminifera the age of the Taleh Zang Formation in the study stratigraphic sections is assigned to the Thaetian (late Paleocene). The petrographic analysis and fauna association of the Taleh Zang Formation led us to identify 6 microfacies that are belonged to to the tidal zone, inner and mid ramps.The absence of corals and the low abundance of calcareous algae and the high abundance of benthic foraminifer indicate that the bio assemblage of the Taleh Zang Formation was similar to that of the eastern Tethys.

Significance of paleoecological calcified sponges (Neuropora lusitanica, Cladocoropsis mirabilis) in Esafandiar carbonate platform in Gazu area( east central Iran)
To progress in the knowledge of Upper Jurassic, evolution of the central Tethys realm an integrated approach which includes calcified sponges and microfacies has described in east central Iran.A rich poriferan that are compsed of Neuropora lusitanica, Cladocoropsis mirabilis and Chaetetid was identified within the Esfandiar Carbonate Platform of Iran. The excellent preservation state of most poriferans here led to recognize the some sponges and to the identification of previously unknown diagnostic features .N. lusitanica for the first time from the Upper Jurassic carbonates of the Esfandiar Carbonate Platform. The sedimentary input fluctuations and the nutrient competition had an important role in understanding the morphological adaptations of the analysed species. The existing palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental conditions generated different distribution patterns of sponges. The absence of reef framework in Esfandiar platform may be contribute to high-temperature drying and the fluctuation of nutrient in middle Oxfordian- lower

Hassanabad-Shojaabad region is located in Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic belt. Regarding the formation of this area, two theories of rifting and subduction have been proposed. In this article, data obtained from desert, petrography, geochemical and magmatic tectonic studies were combined and analyzed. Using several geochemical and magmatic tectonic charts, the type of rocks in the region and the magmatic series of intrusive and volcanic rocks were determined. The intrusive and volcanic rocks in Hassan Abad region are of calc-alkaline type and the result of subtraction of basic magma with the origin of lithospheric mantle, these rocks belong to the subduction tectonic environment in the final stages of expansion of Komani Island. Volcanic rocks and intrusive masses in Shujaabad area are of shoshonite type and are the result of tonalitic melting of the lower crust, these rocks belong to the tectonic environment of the continental arc margin. Therefore, the area under study has been inclined to pressure at the edge of subduction and back arc areas, where Hassan Abad is located in the area of the edge of subduction and Shoja Abad is located in the back arc area.

The Mayamey area (northeast of Shahrud), which forms a part of the Joghatay-Sabzevar zone, hosted Padiform chromite deposits with Harzburgite (ophiolitic) host rock, in which serpentine alteration is strongly spread. In this study, in order to identify the promising areas of chromite mineralization, host rock evidence maps (lithological), serpentine alteration resulting from remote sensing data processing, fault density, geophysics-magnetism, and geochemical of Cr have been used. Then, using the Fuzzy-Gamma function and the gamma value of 0.85, the evidence maps were weighted and fuzzified between 0 and 1 and integrated with each other in the GIS environment. According to the final map of chromite potential, the access roads and geological conditions of 11 areas were determined as exploration targets. Based on the searches, it was found that out of the 11 designated areas, there were three active mines, six promising areas, and two areas without chromite mineralization. The results of XRF analysis of two control samples S4 and S5 showed that the grade of chromite in these areas is 40.02% and 52.44%, respectively, which shows the economic grade of chromite, high accuracy, and the correct method of combining the selected observer maps in this is study. Also, the geochemical study showed that the amounts of MgO, Al2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3, and Cr2O3 are consistent with the accumulation type chromites and the chromites of the study area are rich in Cr and to some extent Fe and poor in Al.

Among the factors and indexes considered for the environmental evaluation of projects mostly the factors with environmental aspects are chosen. Decision making on relative superiority of a project compared to other factors requires going beyond investigation of the exclusive environmental consequences. Environmental Geotechnics is a part of Engineering Geology that considers Environmental and Geotechnical issues concurrently. In this research it has been tried for the first time to investigate environmental factors and issues besides geotechnical viewpoints. For doing so, the water and soil different standards in different scopes including drinking water, agriculture and geotechnics have been investigated and evaluated by the help of Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making Technique of TOPSIS. Also, their differences and features have been referred while comparison of the mentioned techniques results.As an environment of appropriate decision, 4 networks of irrigation and drainage from Khuzestan province with the name of irrigation and drainage networks of Evan (North- West of Khuzestan), Dasht-e Azadegan (west of Khuzestan), Ramhormoz (east of Khuzestan) and Kheir Abad (South-east of Khuzestan) was used as a platform of necessary information.

The Hesar-Kuchok area is located between 38◦ 35\ 34\\ - 38◦30/ north and 44◦ 35\ 34\\ - 34◦30/ east in northwestern Iran, approximately 45 km south west of Khoy. Hesar-Kuchuk area is located in a part of Khoy melange ophiolite. There are many shear structures in this area. According to the information obtained from the studies of shear structures along the Hesar-Kouchok fault zone (HKFZ which the structures were both high temperature and low temperature, so that the most important shear sense markers high temperatures include S-C shear bands, mineral fish, elongated feldspar bands, -type mantle porphyroclasts, sigmoid and asymmetric boudins. The most important shear sense markers in low grade shear zones are -type mantle porphyroclasts, undulose extinction at quartz. The model as proposed in research area as dextral transpression tectonic regime. The presence shear sense indicators such as -type mantle porphyroclasts, S-C fabrics and mineral fish indicate strong strike-slip movements in the region. Also, the observation of the HKFZ indicates thrusting in this area.

In the Chesmeh-anjir, Bandan and Zolfaqari of Nehbandan ophiolitic complex areas, host peridotites of chromitites are of harzburgite type. These harzbogites are composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and spinel. The spinel from Chesmeh-anjir and Bandan aera peridotites is chrome-spinel and in Zulfaqari aera of Al-chromite type, nd the spinel found in the chromitites of Chesmeh-anjir, Bandan and Zolfaqari are all of Cr-spinel type. Only a few samples of Bandan are of Al-chromite type. The chromitites of these areas are alpine type. According to the geochemical studies and determining the tectonic setting, the spinels in the harzburgites of the Zolfaqari aera show a high degree of depletion and partial melting and are of the SSZ type. Spinels in harzburgites of Bandan area have a low degree of depletion and partial melting and are N-MORB type. In the peridotites of Chesmeh-anjir aera, they show the transition state between the two. The spinels in the chromitites of Bandan aera are also SSZ type and have higher Cr. The spinels in the chromitites of Chesmeh-anjir and Zulfaqari are of N-MORB type, nevertheless, they are very similar to SSZ type. In the chromitites of Chesmeh-anjir and Zolfaqari aeras, the amount of Al is higher than in those from the chromitites of Bandan aera.

Chah Badam coal mine of Yazd province is a part of central Iran zone. The main outcrop of the mining area is micacious sand shale with coal veins belong to early Jurassic age. According to petrographic studies, vitrinite is the most important maceral in the coals of the study area, and exinite and inertinite macerals are less abundant, thease coals belong to the clarodorite lithotype XRD studies indicate the presence of quartz, illite, dolomite and gypsum minerals in the coals and shaly coal of the study area. In this research, the Pb element was found with concentration coefficient more than 7 (CC>7) compared to the global average of coal. Most of the samples are slightly enriched (CC=2-5)with other rare elements including Bi, Mo, Sc, Zn, W. Elements such as Pb, Mo, Zn, Ag, As, Cu, Mo, Mn, Se, Ti, Zn, Co, B, Ba show a positive correlation with SO3, which indicates the association of these elements with sulfide and sulfate phases. The results of geochemical analysis for all rare earth elements had lower values than the average of bituminous coal in the world, which is affected by the nature of their primary constituent minerals, which entered the coal field in the form of debris under the influence of erosion.The positive correlation between rare earth elements with oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and the negative correlation of these elements with SO3 and CaO indicates the detrital origin (presence of clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite) for rare earth elements.