فصلنامه جاده
سال سی و یکم شماره 4 (پیاپی 117، زمستان 1402)

In the past few decades, warm mix asphalt (WMA) has been used as advanced technology alternative to hot mix asphalt (HMA) due to the relatively low temperatures required heating the asphalt in the production and application process, reducing environmental damage while providing benefits. Asphalt maintains the hot mix, it is noticeable. However, low manufacturing and processing temperatures may result in asphalt deterioration from moisture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of asphalt containing natural zeolite and compare it with synthetic zeolite and WMA organic and chemical additives against deterioration against moisture. Resistance properties of samples against moisture sensitivity using tests.

One of the most important reasons for the instability and failure of river bridges is the scouring around its piers and abutments during floods. In the recent years, the issue of local scouring has been widely studied by various researchers and different methods have been proposed to control scouring, such as the use of riprap, gabion, collars, concrete blocks, sacrificial piles, groove and cables. In this article, firstly, various methods of protection against scouring have been introduced and previous studies have been reviewed. In the following, from a practical and executive point of view, the use of riprap, concrete blocks, gabion and the construction of apron and cut off wall, which are among the existing and common methods to reduce bridge scouring in the presence of shallow foundations (foundations without piles) are reviewed and compared. All the mentioned methods are classified in the category of bed-armoring. The design and executive considerations are presented in each case and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are stated. Finally, according to the different conditions of the river and the bridge structure, the most appropriate method has been proposed in terms of execution, economy and maintenance.

Due to the problems of high cost, difficult processing and unfavorable storage stability of bitumen modified with 1SBS, a lot of research has been done on composite bitumen to achieve superior pavement performance. In this study, the asphalt mixture was modified by nanosilica, gilsonite and SBS. Asphalt binder main performance tests, rutting tests, low temperature bending tests, moisture sensitivity tests, fatigue tests, and durability tests of asphalt mixture modified with SBS, gilsonite, nanosilica/rock asphalt, and nanosilica/ gilsonite/SBS were conducted to determine the performance Their structure should be evaluated. By comparing the results of the tests with the properties of the unmodified asphalt mixture, nano-silica and stone asphalt led to the improvement of the structure performance. The modified asphalt mixture with nanosilica/gilsonite/SBS had higher stability temperature, low temperature cracking resistance, lower moisture sensitivity, and longer durability than asphalt binder modified with 5% SBS, except for similar fatigue life.

The effect of displacement on the spread of viruses is a very important issue that has been studied by different societies in order to identify the factors influencing the spread of the disease. The use of spatial statistical models is one of the most recent modeling of how the virus spreads in the regions of a city or country based on location data, and one of the most important features of these models is localization based on the relationship between data. The location of people infected with the virus and local explanatory variables affecting the spread of the virus. In this study, in the first step, among the 12 available explanatory variables, 1795 spatial models were built using the exploratory regression method, so based on that spatial dependence, collinearity of the explanatory variables are considered, and finally, 5 variables that have the least linear and spatial correlation And also, they had the most effect on the spread of the disease and were selected to continue the modeling. In the second step, in order to model the effect of the identified variables on the spread of the coronavirus, three location-based statistical models, geographically weighted regression (GWR) and geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) were used. The results of the study showed that the amount of movement, the population of elderly people in each traffic area and then the number of cars per household has the greatest impact on the spread of the coronavirus. Also, by creating severe restrictions on travel in polluted traffic areas in order to cut off the chain of transmission to other areas, as well as reducing the amount of travel in other areas, such as virtual education in schools and universities and remote work in offices, it can have a significant impact in 6 months. to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. At the end of the study, 3 scenarios were proposed to prevent the spread of the virus in critical conditions for 22 areas of Tehran and 603 traffic areas.

Although many studies have tried to improve the current pavement management inspection system, this improvement is temporary and requires subjective judgment; they do not assess the risk of sudden inspection and do not consider the physical reason in predicting the condition of the pavement. The aim of this paper is to make full use of the large collection of traffic information from ITS technologies and high-accuracy flow prediction models. Using these resources, it is possible to implement a more mechanistic model for pavement condition prediction that accommodates variables that contribute to the failure process, such as traffic characteristics, structural characteristics of pavements, and environmental factors. Therefore, considering the weakness of the previously presented methods, this paper proposes a framework for optimizing a flexible inspection schedule, the main objective of which is to prevent the sudden inspection risk from predicting the pavement condition while minimizing the inspection life cycle cost. The obtained results show that flexible inspection performs better than conventional inspections in terms of total efficiency, which includes interval efficiency, distribution efficiency, and risk penalty, and the overall efficiency of this type of inspection is relatively stronger than other inspection methods.
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Spatial and temporal analyzes of accidents are considered essential in traffic safety in order to discover the relationship between variables more accurately and provide a solution to improve the current situation. In spatial analysis, a phenomenon is analyzed according to its position and surroundings. So that in addition to the phenomenon itself, the impact of neighborhoods and environment is also considered. The purpose of this study is to investigate the location and time of Qazvin urban accidents and to identify hotspots related to various variables according to the age range of drivers for the data of the recent three years. For spatial analysis, the kernel density function tool in ArcGIS software is used and for temporal distributions, the spider plot of Excel software is used. First, hotspots and hot-times for different variables were identified according to the age ranges of the drivers. In the next step, hotspots were distributed among the three defined urban areas, and high-risk areas of the city were introduced, respectively. According to the results, suburban roads and in particular the Islamic Republic Highway had the largest share in the hotspots of Qazvin accidents and the need to control the combination of vehicles on these routes is felt. 12 to 14 was also the most important time for accidents of different age groups, and the two younger age groups (under 26 years old and 26-34 years old) played a greater role in hotspots and the need to educate and supervise these two age groups is felt.

Pedestrians in developing countries are one of the most vulnerable groups in transportation. Of the total traffic fatalities in one year in Iran (16 thousand 201 people), 20.8 percent (3 thousand 370 people) were pedestrians and 23.8 percent (3 thousand 862 people) were riding motorcycles. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the factors related to pedestrian accidents and improve the safety of suburban roads. In order to achieve the desired goal, the Damavand Road in Jajrood police area before the campus entrance has been examined for pedestrian accidents. The findings showed that in total, 159 pedestrian accidents had occurred in the studied road within 5 years. After inspecting the points and making the checklists, factors such as lack of sufficient visibility of vehicles, inappropriate steps of the pedestrian bridge, lack of lighting, lack of proper safety protection next to the steps of the pedestrian bridge have been effective factors in these points. Among the proposed solutions, we can mention the improvement of the condition of the overpass in terms of safety and lighting and the creation of a curb line on the side of the road.

Nowadays, increasing useful service life, durability and maintenance of road pavements are important research issues of experts and trustees in this field. The purpose of this research is to investigate and prioritize the factors affecting the useful life of suburban road pavements with a fuzzy hierarchical approach for the Ghaemieh -Shiraz route. The research method was descriptive-survey in terms of execution and applied research in terms of purpose, which was done in the form of a questionnaire and quantitative. Due to the fact that the topic of this research was a specific topic in the field of road construction (engineering and roads), non-probability sampling was a judgmental type. The statistical population of the research included 12 experts, including specialists and engineers in the field of road construction in Fars province, and the fuzzy hierarchical analysis method was used to prioritize the effective factors. The results of factors affecting the service life of suburban road pavements showed that the type of bitumen and materials used, contractor, road construction equipment and machinery, weather and the type of traffic vehicles ranked first to fifth in the order of factors affecting the service life of road pavements. They were in suburban areas on the road from Ghaemieh to Shiraz, that practical suggestions for the useful service life of suburban road pavements for Ghaemieh -Shiraz route were presented.

In today’s world, roads are considered the main arteries of the global community. One of the most typical methods to build these routes is stabilizing the excavations on two sides of the roads. Using multiple helical anchors in excavation stabilization is one of the means recently used by many road and geotechnical engineers. The increasing use of multiple helical anchors has led to several laboratories, numerical, and field studies. Therefore, this study employed the FLAC 3D software also a three-dimensional numerical investigation of bearing capacity under different inclination angles in sandy soil. In the present study, the effect of soil installation, which is caused by installing helical anchors in the soil, has been studied on the load-bearing capacity of these helical anchors. For this purpose, first, a verification test is done to validate the modeling approach. Then, by performing a parametric analysis, the effect of different inclination angles, as well as the installation effect on the bearing capacity of the multiple helical anchors, are studied. The present study results show that the maximum bearing capacity of the helical anchors is achieved by the angle of 5 and 10 degrees. In addition, by investigating the installation effect, the bearing capacity of the helical anchors has been significantly reduced with respect to the number of helical plates and the density of soil.

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One of the main processes in the banking system is the planning and transfer of money from the treasury to the branch and its return to the treasury within a specific and limited time frame. Accordingly, the main goal of most banks is to minimize route risk. Because, daily, a large amount of cash is moved by cash vehicles. In this research, a mathematical model for the transportation of physical money has been developed considering the route risk. In the proposed model, three concepts are presented, which are: 1) the vehicle should not travel long distances in the first three trips because it carries more money, 2) a branch should not be serviced on two consecutive days at the same time 3) A route should not be repeated in two consecutive days. This reduces the possibility of determining a fixed pattern for servicing and increases the security of servicing. Also, a genetic meta-heuristic algorithm has been used to solve the model. In order to show the quality of the algorithm's answer, various problems have been solved in various dimensions of production and with GAMS and MATLAB software. The results show that the genetic algorithm has an average of 0.93% and a maximum of 1.87% difference with the optimal solution in these problems.

In recent decades, the growth of infrastructure in urban and metropolitan areas has led to a significant increase in the value of land and the lack of suitable places for development. These factors cause the construction industry to look for cheap land for construction; As a result, the building is run on the loose ground against the previous tendency. One of the methods that have been used in recent years in loose deposits and fine soils is stone columns, which are widely used to reduce subsidence and increase the soil bearing capacity of structures such as fluid storage tanks. Embankments, broad foundations, and light structures are used. The use of rock columns as a soil improvement method has been the subject of research by many researchers for the past 40 years. Numerous analytical methods, numerical analyze, and laboratory tests have been performed to investigate the effect of different soil and rock column parameters on the bearing capacity and subsidence of rock columns. One of the most significant research achievements in this field is the idea of reinforcing stone columns with geosynthetic cover, which was proposed more than 25 years ago. During this period, relations have been provided for designing these reinforced stone columns and considering the effect of geosynthetic cover. This paper presents the results of researchers' research on the effect of various parameters on the bearing capacity and subsidence of stone columns.
In recent decades, the growth of infrastructure in urban and metropolitan areas has led to a significant increase in the value of land and the lack of suitable places for development. These factors cause the construction industry to look for cheap land for construction; As a result, the building is run on the loose ground against the previous tendency. One of the methods that have been used in recent years in loose deposits and fine soils is stone columns, which are widely used to reduce subsidence and increase the soil bearing capacity of structures such as fluid storage tanks. Embankments, broad foundations, and light structures are used. The use of rock columns as a soil improvement method has been the subject of research by many researchers for the past 40 years. Numerous analytical methods, numerical analyze, and laboratory tests have been performed to investigate the effect of different soil and rock column parameters on the bearing capacity and subsidence of rock columns. One of the most significant research achievements in this field is the idea of reinforcing stone columns with geosynthetic cover, which was proposed more than 25 years ago. During this period, relations have been provided for designing these reinforced stone columns and considering the effect of geosynthetic cover. This paper presents the results of researchers' research on the effect of various parameters on the bearing capacity and subsidence of stone columns.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of economic performance and human development on road traffic fatalities (RTF) in Iran. The statistical data used in this research is from the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the World Bank for the years 1379-1400 and it is annual and Eviews 10 software is used to estimate the proposed model. The time series data of this study are not all stationary, and based on this, in order to estimate the desired pattern, the self-distribution approach with wide intervals is used. The ARDL (1,0,0,0) model was chosen based on the Schwartz-Bayesian criterion. The estimation results with such an approach in the short term show that RTF (-1) and unemployment rate have a significant positive effect on road fatalities. This effect has been obtained negative significant for the variables of GDP per capita and human development index in the short term. The estimated long-term coefficients in affecting road fatalities for the variables of GDP per capita and human development are negative and significant, and for the explanatory variable of unemployment rate is positive and significant. The results show that sustainable development is one of the dimensions of maintaining the safety of people's lives in the road transportation system, It is necessary to pass through the channel or path of investment in human development and this investment is the main pillar and core in reducing road traffic fatalities. The results of the analysis in the framework of the error correction model indicate the value of -0.174 for the coefficient of the error correction, which indicates a relatively low speed of adjustment.

Forest roads are a major factor in increasing erosion rates and disrupting the stability of natural slopes. Erosion is the process by which soil particles are separated from their original bed and transported to another location by a transport agent. This study investigates the bioengineering methods of stabilizing earthen slopes of forest roads. Due to the fact that this article is a review of library and documentary methods and using search engines and various sites to access articles such as learners, academic jihad, Google scholar, Science Direct, etc., various articles on soil erosion, methods Soil stabilization was studied and analysed using bioengineering techniques, etc., and the results are: bioengineering is compatible with environmental conditions. This method, in addition to its main function, makes the landscape beautiful. Bioengineering projects require less heavy equipment and machinery, thus saving costs and the negative effects of using this type of equipment. Using native plants saves money.

The speed of vehicles can affect the performance and damage of the pavement, The two major failures in flexible pavements are fatigue cracks and rutting. The tensile stress under overlay and the compressive stress on the subgrade depend on various factors such as the speed and amount of passing load and contact surface pressure. In this research, machine learning algorithms have been used to predict the critical failure of flexible pavement based on vehicle speed. In the process of using neural networks, the data of neural networks first selects a series of random values as the primary weights and biases of the network which is one of its deficiencies. Therefore, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the weight of neural networks. In comparison with optimization algorithms, PSO is simpler for implementation and can rapidly find optimal point. According to the modeling results, at low vehicle speeds, the probability of fatigue failures, rutting, and  settling increases, while the lower the speed of the vehicle, the number of repetitions is reduced, and the increase in speed causes that Less damage to the pavement.

The particle size of granular soils have a great effect on their shear behavior. The purpose of this article is to investigate the shear behavior of granular soils with different particle sizes. The large-scale direct shear tests are conducted in three parts. The first part of the experiments is related to 4 types of granular soil with different particle size. The second part is related to the tests performed on composite samples and in the third part, the effect of a concrete block on the shear strength of granular soil is investigated. According to the results, as the particle size of the material increases, the push of the shear failure increases and the sample has a higher shear strength, in the same way, as the size of the particles increases, the friction angle of the materials and the dilation angle increases. The main finding of this article is that the materials located in the shear zone have a great impact on the strength of the sample. In composite samples, if the sand is compacted in the shear zone, although the top and bottom of the sample is gravel, the behavior and strength of the sample is close to that of pure sand. The thickness of the shear zone is dependent on the size of the particles, the thickness of the shear zone increases as the grain size increases. The concrete block in the shear zone increases the shear strength and internal friction angle of the sand sample.

Development of public transportation in reducing traffic and noise and visual pollution, reducing congestion within the urban context, citizens' satisfaction with the possibility of proper service, the possibility of achieving the goals of the electronic village, concentration of activities and use It is necessary to pay attention to the various requirements for the space of Ekhtiarabad district and parking management and its creation with the focus on public transportation development planning; Thus, the research method in the present article is descriptive-analytical. The research process has started by referring to reliable library and documentary sources and collecting field studies. Data were analyzed by quantitative strategic planning analytical method in the form of SWOT technique. The results showed that if you consider public transportation facilities important to improve the quality of life and support strategic planning in the process of preparing rural and urban master plans, many communities, including Ekhtiarabad, is one of the villages for Transport-oriented development and the involvement of strategic planning in it is necessary according to the results obtained. To solve the problems of traffic congestion in Ekhtiarabad district and the pollution caused by the use of private cars, reducing the life of trees, etc., solutions and policies have been proposed.

Professional, continuous and effective training is one of the most important solutions for self-protection and sustainable prevention of violations and accidents of motorcycle riders, and in this context, the most basic step in compiling and implementing their training program is the correct implementation based on the reality of the needs assessment process. . Therefore, the main goal of this research is to assess the needs and prioritize training of motorcycle riders. This research was exploratory in terms of applied purpose and mixed method. The statistical population of the experts of the qualitative section of Tehran Traffic Police and Imam Hasan Mojtabi University of Officers and Police Training (AS), in the quantitative section, were the excellent accident experts of the 28 districts of the Tehran Traffic Police. Sampling in the qualitative part by a purposeful method based on criteria until reaching theoretical saturation and in the quantitative part by a simple random method equal to Morgan's table were 274 people. The factor loadings of comprehensiveness with a value of 0.866, value and credibility with a value of 0.861, cultural participation with a value of 0.879, and realism with a value of 0.756 are significant at the level of 0.95 and respectively have the greatest impact. to the comprehensiveness dimension of education - a very strong relationship - and then related to the value and validity of education, a strong relationship, and then related to cultural participation, an average relationship, and finally, the least impact related to the realism dimension in the educational needs assessment and prioritization model It is motorcycle riders. Motorcycle riders need more technical and practical knowledge about self-care and prevention of traffic accidents, which needs to be taken into the attention of those in charge of specialized safety training and the theoretical and practical training programs provided in driving schools are appropriate to Their general, real and practical needs should be changed in a diverse range of educational standards.

Road accidents are a major cause of death in Bushehr province. The main goal of the research is to obtain the temporal-spatial pattern of weather hazards in the occurrence of road accidents in Bushehr province. The statistical population of this research includes all road accidents that occurred in the transportation axes of Bushehr province in a period of 5 years (1394-1398) the traffic police is registered. Meteorological variables include horizontal visibility, humidity, cloudiness, wind speed, temperature and sea level pressure in a 5-year period (2014-2016) on a monthly basis. Statistical software and spatial analysis of data from ArcGIS software have been used for statistical analysis of accident and meteorological data. Cornell method has been used for zoning maps of accidents and climatic elements.  In inferential statistics methods, chi-square test and ANOVA have been used to examine and compare frequencies and relationships between classified variables. The results showed that in the zoning of some seasons of the year, the effects of elements such as temperature, humidity, air pressure and horizontal visibility had an impact on the occurrence of accidents. The results of statistical tests showed only two variables of wind and horizontal visibility in all types of accidents. The results showed that the amount of accidents and time variables has a significant difference and the most accidents occurred in the third quarter of the year; because in the autumn season, the element of dust prevails, which reduces the horizontal visibility.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational honesty and leadership behavior on organizational excellence with the mediating role of job involvement. The research method of this research is descriptive-survey of applied type. The statistical population of the present study consists of the employees of the passenger department of the Railway Company of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 110 people were selected as a sample. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the validity and reliability of the structure were assessed through factor analysis. Analysis of research data was performed using structural equation method and SPSS and PLS software. The findings of this study showed that all the hypotheses of the research were confirmed. So that organizational honesty with the mediating role of job engagement on organizational excellence, leadership behavior with the mediating role of job engagement on organizational excellence, organizational honesty on job engagement, organizational honesty on organizational excellence, leadership behavior on job engagement Leadership behavior has a positive and significant effect on organizational excellence and organizational involvement in job excellence. It is suggested that the managers and deputies of the passenger department of the Railway Company of the Islamic Republic of Iran should create a creative culture so that employees can present and apply their new proposals in the field of improving productivity and appropriate leadership style. To develop employees' individual creativity, their risk-taking must be increased to some extent.

In addition to ensuring traffic safety, it is also possible to use the maximum capacity of the road with these signs. Drivers' perception of different signs is not the same on roads, and their understanding is different from one sign to another one. Thus, to increase road safety and reaching the maximum capacity of roads by drivers, the present study aims at evaluating drivers' perception of traffic signs and the percentage usage of traffic signs regarding drivers' perception on roads. For these purposes, traffic signs were classified as '' all-purpose signs'', '' average usage signs'', and '' less common signs'' and 4 traffic signs were considered for each classification. The methodology of the present study is based on a questionnaire method, using the chi-square test and correlation coefficient. During the 5 days of questioning on Hamadan-Kermanshah highway police station, 380 questionnaires were completed by interviewing drivers. To validate the data, a similar study was conducted on Hamadan-Malayer highway by filling out 50 questionnaires. The results showed 54.31% of drivers' overall perception of the traffic signs. Further, Drivers' perceptions of '' all-purpose signs'', '' average usage signs'', and '' less common signs'' were not the same and were obtained at 88.60, 49.60, and 22.97%, respectively. Further, the results showed that by increasing the usage of the traffic signs, drivers' perception of traffic signs increases and the correlation is about 0.59.

In recent years, various nanometer materials have been used in many scientific and engineering fields. Because of their small size and large surface area, Nanomaterials provide improved structural properties over their larger, micro-sized counterparts. Nanomaterials have unique properties that make them suitable as additives in asphalt mixtures. This study describes the importance of Nanomaterials with an emphasis on the use of carbon nanotubes as an asphalt modifier. Different methods for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes such as arc discharge, laser irradiation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are described and different types of techniques used to disperse carbon nanotubes in bitumen are described. The results of typical tests such as penetration degree, softening point, flexibility and necessity in order to determine the mechanical performance of the material modified with carbon nanotubes are also summarized in this work. The effect of carbon nanotube modifications on bitumen rheological properties is also described. A systematic review of experimental studies on bitumen modification using carbon nanotubes has been carried out. The addition of carbon nanotubes improves the hardness of bitumen, which increases its wear resistance. Various parameters/variables such as bitumen type, mixing technique, mixer type, carbon nanotube properties and mixing time play key roles in the modification of bitumen with carbon nanotubes and significantly affect the performance of the final bitumen.

In this study, an examination has been conducted on the factors of Sulfuric acid and sulfates that influence the process of concrete corrosion. Given that numerous concrete structures are subject to this form of corrosion, the most prevalent four simulated acidic and corrosive environment procedures, namely Immersion, Constant Sulfate, Constant pH, and Accelerated TAP Methods, have been reviewed. Ultimately, the techniques of X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, phenolphthalein solution, and scanning electron microscope have been delineated for the physical, mechanical, and microstructural analysis of the tested samples. In all of the aforementioned procedures, the utilization of an acidic or sulfate solution is unavoidable. Regulating the pH level of the solution and comparing it to the permissible range of the test standards enhances the reliability of the test results. Consequently, through the comparison of the aforementioned simulations of the acidic environment, it is apparent that the immersion test is less costly than the other tests, and this method necessitates simpler equipment for its execution.

Road transport is important in people's lives, socially and materially. The progress of a country can be directly related to road transportation. It is very important to have a good procedure for proper passages, and to achieve this goal, they choose rigid concrete procedures that are economic, environmental and safe. In current research adding a nano additive increases the resistance and durability properties so that we can also increase the life of the solid surface, for this purpose, from the tests on the constituent components of the top concrete (aggregate, water, cement) suitable for it from the tables The standard is specified. With the study done on the research and examination of professors, single-layer carbon nanotube material was selected to improve and change the properties of concrete. After adding nanotubes with different ratios (3-5-7 percent of cement weight) to the concrete, the compressive strength test was performed on the control and modified sample and a 20% increase was observed, and the tensile strength improved by 13%. Also, the durability of the procedures increased by 30%, which was very impressive and significant, and showed a 28% reduction in water absorption.