مجله مخاطرات محیط طبیعی
پیاپی 38 (زمستان 1402)

The main purpose of the present study is to assess urban resilience to floods in the study area western cities of Mazandaran also the present study tries to determine which of the cities in the situation is suitable in terms of resilience. Research method In the present study, the type of applied research and the nature of the research are descriptive-analytical. Library-field methods including observation and questionnaires (closed and spectral) were used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is the western cities of Mazandaran province including Nowshahr, Chalous, Hatchiroud, Kojoor, Marzanabad, Clarabad, and Abbasabad, which according to Cochran's formula, 384 have been selected as the sample size. The validity of the research was confirmed by university professors and its reliability was 0.87% according to Cronbach's alpha test for analyzing SPSS information and data by descriptive statistics (mean frequency distribution) and inferential methods (one-sample t-test and analysis of variance). Unilateral) has been used; Findings show that the studied cities are in different conditions of resilience. By considering all four dimensions of resilience, it was determined. Nowshahr is in first place with the highest average in terms of resilience against natural hazards. Chalous, Abbasabad and Salmanshahr are in the next place. According to the results obtained, the city of Kojoor has obtained the lowest average in the last rank in terms of resilience.

Land subsidence is one of the ecological crises that especially cause damage to human facilities such as communication networks and buildings. Many factors affect the subsidence of the earth, and earthquakes can be one of those factors. The current research examines the effect of the November 2017 earthquake in the western region of Kermanshah on subsidence. For this purpose, the differential radar interferometric method and Sentinel 1 satellite data have been used to investigate the subsidence of the region. Pair processing of radar images in the study area between 11/11/2017 and 11/30/2017 showed that the amount of vertical displacement in the study areas is between -41.72 and -42.99 cm. According to the obtained results, the average displacement of subsidence in the opposite direction of view is -304.16 and -33.1265 cm, which was observed along the fault lines. Also, the average uplift movement rate in the studied area is 17.53 and 34.53 cm per year in line with the satellite view. The evaluation of the displacement map of the region shows that the greatest amount of subsidence was in the eastern, southern, and western parts of Salas Babaji City and the southern and western parts of Sarpol-Zahab city.

Natural hazards are almost typically accompanied by significant losses in agriculture. Resilience is one strategy for dealing with these damages. Because of this, the overall goal of this research was to examine farmers' appropriate actions to strengthen the resilience of small-scale farming units to cope with climate change impacts in the province of Hamadan. Farmers engaged in small-scale farming operations (less than 10 hectares) made up the statistical population of the study. The 300-person sample size was determined using Cochran's methodology. They were sampled using the cluster technique over some stages, and distinct questionnaires were used for the interviews. The primary research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose reliability and validity were established by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability as well as a group of sustainability specialists and academics from the Department of Agricultural Development and Management in the University of Tehran. Software such as SMART PLS 3 and SPSSwin25 were used for data analysis. The use of new technologies, the development of infrastructure services, the development of mechanization and modernization, the strengthening of development infrastructure, the regulation of the market for agricultural products, the resolution of political crises, and a reduction in the unilateral presence of large-scale farmers in the management of agricultural organizations are some suggestions for improving the management resilience of the studied units. These actions will reduce the vulnerability of small farmers to climate change.

The Iranian Plateau is located along the active Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, which stretches from the Arabian plate in the southwest to the stable Eurasian shield in the northeast and is divided into different tectonic seismic zones. Tehran province is seismically active and has always been under threat due to the occurrence of earthquakes and the existence of many faults. Parand City is located in Tehran province and the seismic state of central Iran. It is located in the zone with high and high seismicity in the Hazard zoning map of the Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant design of buildings (Standard No.2800). So far, there has been no documented study in the field of seismic risk analysis and assessment of Parand city. In this regard, the seismic risk assessment of the new city of Parand was carried out. This evaluation was carried out by a probabilistic method in 4 basic steps, which include the study of tectonic earthquakes and modeling of seismic springs, developing a seismicity model and obtaining seismic parameters, choosing a reduction relationship or a model for estimating powerful earth movements and Probabilistic risk analysis of earthquakes. In this research, the values of β, λ, and the expected maximum acceleration, the maximum acceleration of the earth's strong movement for the return period of 475 years were obtained, which is equal to g0.33 in bedrock, which will be about g0.39 with the effect of soil effect. Based on the results of this research, Parand City is divided into four zones, the southern parts of the city have the lowest acceleration, and the northern parts have the highest acceleration.

The aim of this study is evaluation of the relationship between vegetation changes associated with hydrological drought in the eastern part of the Sistan region. This region with an area of 875,052 hectares is located in the north of Sistan and Baluchistan province, with an average height of 478 meters above sea level. To, Landsat 8 satellite images (OLI) associated with ground monitoring and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and streamflow drought index (SDI) were used in 2019 and 2021. Also, the floristic list of the study area was randomly scrutinized in the vegetative seasons of the plant in 2019 and 2021. The life form of plants was also determined by Raunkiaer (1934). The results indicated that the average SDI in 2019 and 2021 was estimated at 1.33 and -0.38, respectively. Also, the water normal class and the weak drought class were identified in 2019 and 2021, respectively. Changes in the NDVI and SDI were observed in correlation relationships in 2019 and 2021. Vegetation changes have occurred as a result of the hydrological drought in 2021, indicating hydrological drought-affected vegetation. The study of the flora of the region in 2019 showed that plants including 191 plant species from 141 genera and 42 families are distributed in the region. Also, on the occurrence of hydrological drought conditions in 2021, the number of species decreased to 162 species, 123 genera, and 34 families. The life form of plants using the Raunkiaer method showed that 40% of therophytes, 18.4% of cryptophytes, 17.9% of hemicryptophytes, 15.3% of phanerophytes and 8.4% charophytes are included in 2019. In 2021, therophytes decreased to 34.7%, cryptophytes to 9.5%, hemicryptophytes to 17.4%, and charophytes to 7.9%, whereas, phanerophytes were unchanged at 15.3% compared to 2019. It shows the resistance of phanerophyte plants to drought and lack of water in the studied area.

This research was conducted to investigate the adaptation behavior of Varamin livestock farmers to climatic changes. The research method was a combination of sequential exploratory types. In the qualitative phase, by using in-depth interview tools and grounded theory, the formation of a theory of adaptive behavior towards climate change and its consequences was discussed. In the quantitative phase, using the variables obtained in the qualitative phase and the questionnaire tool, Agen's planned behavior theory was tested using the structural equation model. The studied population was the livestock farmers of Varamin City (N=1198). The sampling method was purposeful in the qualitative part. In the quantitative section, the sample number of 299 people was obtained using Cochran's formula. The validity of the tool was checked through content and face validity and reliability through Cronbach's alpha. The results of the qualitative part showed that awareness of the climate change signs, decrease in rainfall, and increase in temperature and temperature fluctuations are part of the causal conditions, technology, and management of place and livestock in the central phenomenon and animal health, reduction of environmental damage and increase in production was in the consequences section. The results of the quantitative phase of the research indicated that the variable of awareness with its effect on attitude can have the greatest effect on the adaptive behavior formation of livestock farmers in the region; Also, the variables of awareness, attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control predict a high percentage of changes in behavioral inclination (dependent mediator variable) and changes in the adaptation behavior of livestock farmers to climate changes in the region. Finally, according to the research results, suggestions were presented.

Nitrogen dioxide is considered one of the important indicators for evaluating the air quality of cities, therefore, identifying the areas contaminated with this pollutant is very important. One of the sciences and technologies that can help urban environmental experts to identify these areas in the shortest time and at a lower cost is satellite remote sensing. Currently, satellite remote sensing is a useful technology for measuring atmospheric pollutants at the global, regional, and urban levels. Therefore, the present research has identified and investigated the temporal-spatial distribution of nitrogen dioxide gas during the spread of Covid-19 using Sentinel-5P satellite data in the Shiraz metropolis for 24 months (2019 and 2020). Based on the results of this research, the highest monthly average values of nitrogen dioxide gas in 2019 and 2020 are related to the autumn season. In addition, district 2 of Shiraz was identified as the most polluted area in the two years studied. In addition, after analyzing the parameters of wind, precipitation, and temperature, it was found that the wind factor with a correlation coefficient of -0.638 at a significance level of 1% compared to other climate factors had the greatest impact on the change in nitrogen dioxide gas values. The Covid-19 crisis also played a role in changing the amount of nitrogen dioxide gas in 2020 compared to 2019 every month with its impact on the reduction of traffic and urban traffic. The pattern of changes in the average nitrogen dioxide gas related to satellite data in the studied years had a decreasing trend, which was consistent with the pattern of changes in the values obtained from the pollution monitoring station. The results of this research can be useful in urban livability and crisis management.

Thermal stress is one of the risk factors for mortality. The research aims to identify the potential of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) as a heat-related health risk indicator in Iran. Using 32 years of daily meteorological data, UTCI values in different percentiles were computed to identify excess mortality periods in five cities of Tehran, Ahvaz, Mashhad, Shiraz, and Isfahan in the summer season. Frequency patterns of summer UTCI index classes were identified. Threshold percentiles of minimum and maximum index values were extracted for each station. The results of the research showed that the summer values of the index vary between -1.9 and 55.4 degrees Celsius. In total, 18.08% of the night temperature (minimum temperature of thermal climate index) and 97.64% of the daily temperature (maximum temperature of thermal climate index) of the studied days were associated with heat stress. During the studied period, 10% of summer days are in the conditions related to the maximum UTCI index values in three classes of strong, very strong, and severe heat stress. Correlation with mortality data from 5 stations showed that the relationship between UTCI and the number of deaths depends on the bioclimate of the station and that the number of deaths increases in very strong and severe heat stress conditions, that is when UTCI Above 38 and 46 degrees Celsius. The fitting of the categories of heat stress on the number of deaths with the trend of the LOWESS function showed that the distribution of deaths according to the UTCI index had a diverse nature and was seen as V-, U-, and J-shapes. The increase in mortality depends on the levels of heat stress, and at 35 degrees Celsius and above, i.e. entering the moderate heat stress category of the UTCI index, an increase in mortality is evident.