مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 91 (آذر 1402)

 Sohrab Sepehari"s poetry represents the obvious and hidden aspects of his thought and personality, and his intellectual trajectory and ontology can be followed in eight books. In such a way that by following the historical course of formation and recognizing the semantic structure of each of the octagonal books of this work, it is possible to draw a picture of Sohrab"s transition and personal journey. On the other hand, the words and expressions in his poetry are the carriers of the poet"s thought, philosophy and mystical experience, and based on this characteristic, he can be considered one of the poets in the field of conceptual poetry.

METODOLOGY: 

The present research has explained the compatibility of Sohrab Sepehri"s soul journey with the semantic structure and time sequence of Hasht katab notebooks with a descriptive-analytical method and a holistic and semantic approach.

 The notebooks of Hasht ketab, with special titles given by the poet himself, contain a lot of information about the poet"s thought and worldview, and their analysis opens clear windows to the better understanding and explanation of Sepehri"s intellectual and epistemological system. As not only by examining the sequence of formation of the books, one can draw and follow the poet"s inner evolution line, but also to identify and describe the semantic center of each of these books as parts of a coherent whole, it helps to understand the semantic structure of this work and the poet"s thought system.

 In addition to having the components of a conceptual poem, Sepehri"s poem is a description of a personal journey that narrates the evolution of the poet in the form of a coherent and continuous collection. As the first book of this collection with the theme of absolute darkness and emptiness, portrays the hell of the poet"s thought, the second to fourth books, with the essence of sleep, consciousness and sad sorrow, the narrator of the purgatory of Sohrab"s thought, and the fifth, sixth and seventh books with the central meanings of insight, no thought and enlightenment. , they express the paradise of the poet"s thought, which finally reaches a redemptive end in the eighth book, and the poet is placed in the position of observation and presence.

 Studying fiction and literary texts from the perspective of narratology can lead to a better understanding of the dimensions of the text and reveal its layers to the reader. The main purpose of this research is to examine the fiction literature of Holy Defense based on Gerard Genette"s theory of narrative and focalization.

 This research will be conducted based on the descriptive-analytical method and library studies as a document analysis method on a selection of fictional works of sacred defense literature with an emphasis on one of the five levels of Genette"s narrative theory, i.e. focalization in the ideological aspect and dialogue. The statistical population in this study includes a selection of outstanding works that have been popular, reprinted and received prestigious literary awards.

 In the examined works, the focus is often internalized; With this explanation, the narrator is the owner of the main component of focus, who tries to expose the ideological side of the story to the audience by choosing the perspective and story dialogues. Some writings have a linear and classical narrative, depending on the literary type of memory, and they play a kind of dramatic narrative in the aspect of inducing an ideological aspect in the text and in some other works, the narrator, with his inner and central presence, has presented ideology from his point of view instead of the characters.

 In the two works of the book "Da" and "Sheena"s Daughter" the aspect of memoir writing is more dominant, therefore the narrator is presented from the aspect of realism and the narrator chooses the type of point of view in line with the memoirist. It has allowed the narrator to narrate the story of the dominant ideology in the text while talking. In three other works, including two pigeons, two windows, one flight, Burnt Earth and Chess with the Doomsday Machine, the presence of the focal narrator is more prominent and the main focal characters (characters) are analyzed and identified with the help of the narrator. In the ideological aspect of the narration in the three mentioned recent works, political, social and religious viewpoints have been taken into consideration in order to focus on the central idea and the ideology of the enemies, Mujahideen and hypocrites, supporters of the Taghut regime, lovers of religion and the school of Imam Hussein and... It is presented to the audience with the help of the presence of the narrator and his intervention.

 The discussion about divine attributes is one of the most basic and key topics that has its roots in the Holy Quran and the words of the saints, and since the beginning of the formation of Islamic mysticism, it has been fully manifested in the thoughts of many mystics and scholars. In mysticism, the knowledge of divine attributes and what is raised about monotheism and theology through attention to these attributes is important in processing the mystical thoughts of the greats of mysticism and Sufism. The main purpose of this essay is to examine and analyze the views of mystics in some works of mystical prose works of the 4th to 6th centuries of Hijri regarding divine attributes.

 The research method in this review is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and the method of document analysis. The statistical community of this research is the sources of mystical prose texts from the 4th to the 6th centuries, including Al-Loma fi Suf by Abu Nasr Sarraj, Kashf al-Mahjub Hojwiri and Rooh al-Arwah in the Sharh al- Asma al-Mulk al-Fattah by Samani.

 The findings of the research indicate that from the point of view of thought, since the mentioned authors consider the knowledge of divine attributes to be a better knowledge of the Lord, and at the same time, they consider it possible to reach existential truths through mysticism, they widely investigate the attributes of God in their works. they have payed.

 What has been obtained from this research is that in works such as Al-Lama in Sufism, Kashf al-Majjub and Rooh al-Arwah in the Sharh al- Asma al-Mulk al-Fattah, the use of divine attributes, despite the authors" attention to many commonalities, has caused differences in some theological and ideological aspects, which are Relatively, the influence is reflected in the mystical drink of the authors.

  Persian short story in the period from 1340 to 1357, (according to the published works and the opinion of literature researchers), has seen the most "modern stories"; To the extent that this period should be considered as "modern Persian short story period". The type of worldview and expression of modern fiction writers is such that their works are often not clear and explicit, accompanied by ambiguities; For this reason, it is important for the modern writer to use different techniques for expression, one of the most important of which is the "symbolization" technique. Considering the importance of "symbol" in the modern Persian short story, especially in the period from 1340 to 1357, we have investigated and symbolically analyzed the works of four authors, representing four intellectual spectrums.

These investigations were carried out by referring to references and books of social sciences, psychology, semiotics, symbology, etc.; During which the works of Ebrahim Golestan representing mental-psychological stories, the works of Ghazaleh Alizadeh representing mystical stories, the works of Bahram Sadeghi representing social-bitter humor stories, and the works of Ebrahim Rahbar representing urban-climate stories have been examined. ; This review includes the analysis of 7 books and 68 stories.

According to the reviews, tables and analytical statistics presented in the appendix of the article, it should be said that the frequency of using "symbol" in modern short stories is wide. Basically, modern short stories, due to their brevity and ambiguities, are a suitable place for giving birth to symbols.

The more introspective the modern short story is, the higher the frequency of the symbol in it; This is why the modern mystical stories of Ghazaleh Alizadeh contain the most symbolic stories. With this reasoning, the mental and psychological stories of Ebrahim Golestan have used the symbol to a significant extent. In many works of Bahram Sadeghi, we are faced with the symbolization of the author, according to the space of the story. Ebrahim Rahbar does less symbolism in two books that have descriptive and extroverted works; But in his other work, the theme of which is the conflict with the hardships of an employee"s life in Tehran, he has used the symbol technique more.

 Until now, various theories have been proposed in various scientific branches about the category of personality, among which are the opinions of Jane Shinoda Bullen. With an archetypal approach and considering Greek myths, he has represented new dimensions of each character based on their attributes. Bolen"s comments have a favorable effect in presenting a new reading of fictional texts and the characters in them. To this credit, in the research, the characters of the novel "Shazdeh Ehtjab" by Hoshang Golshiri have been examined based on Shinoda Bolen"s archetypal opinions.

 The research method in this research is descriptive and analytical, which was done in a library form by studying sources, scanning, and classifying the materials.

 In the entirety of this collection, we have witnessed the influence of the archetypes of Poseidon, Zeus, Ares and Dionysus in the inner and outer worlds of the characters, and the result of this influence was sometimes positive and sometimes negative.

 The results have shown that Prince Ehtjab (Khosro) and the grandfather are the most complex characters in the mentioned novel and have signs of the archetypes of Zeus (power-seeking) and Ares (warrior and violent). Both of them are power-hungry, hot-tempered and violent and do not want to be subordinates. Of course, the characteristic of Zeus is very prominent in the character of the grandfather, but the Prince of Ihtjab fluctuates a lot in this regard. Poseidon"s archetypal character (explosive emotions and instincts) also appears in the prince"s character, he uses the contemptuous look of others to hide his personal weaknesses. In general, the dominant archetypes in this novel are Zeus and Ares in the characters of Prince, Grandmother and Fakhr al-Nesa.

 The goals of psychology in the past have been to focus on diseases and their treatment methods; However, about two decades ago, a branch of psychology called positive psychology with the aim of emphasizing six moral virtues such as wisdom, courage, justice, moderation, love and kindness, transcendence, leadership, etc. was taken into consideration. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the virtues and abilities of the characters of Khosrow and Shirin Nizami based on the theory of positive psychology.

 This research, using the content analysis method, has explained the virtues and abilities of the characters in the story of Khosrow and Shirin.

 Khosrow and Shirin is one of the systems of Khamsa Nizami, and the people of this system have virtues and capabilities that knowing these virtues and capabilities can have a significant impact on the analysis of the characters of this story.

 In this story, the relationship of mutual love is tangible. Although Khosrow enters this romantic relationship from the beginning with a selfish view, he achieves the virtues of courage, love, transcendence, etc. by emphasizing the abilities of courage, kindness, understanding beauty, etc., and we see the evolution in his character. Shirin also achieves all virtues by strengthening abilities such as self-control, humility, and forgiveness.
 
Keyword

 Security, as one of the key concepts in the opinions of the experts of the Copenhagen school, has been reviewed in recent decades and has expanded its meaning, which includes the combination of "social security". In this context, what is emphasized is the principle of identity and ways to protect it. In the literary culture of Iranians, Ferdowsi"s Shahnameh is known as the main epic book of Iranians, in which the category of identity as a subgroup of social security is mentioned in its various parts, and various explicit and indirect solutions are presented to preserve and strengthen the components of identity. For example, during the reign of KeyKhosrow, one of the people"s concerns was the ability or lack of ability of the kings to provide security and identity. The issue and purpose of the present research is to investigate the actions of this king in order to establish the components of social security in the country"s borders with emphasis on the category of identity.

 The present article was compiled based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method.

 The main components of social security in this period of the kingdom are: trying to ward off military and civilian threats; providing group identity and social security; Establishing social security by creating a distinction between "us" and "them"; maintaining common bonds between community members; Establishing financial, life and political security for citizens.

 KeyKhosrow is one of the kings who created identity and created security in the history of ancient Iran. With a unique will, he changed the unfavorable political conditions and the economic, social, military and cultural crises that have been the result of Keykavoos statehood into a favorable and pleasant way.

 Ganj al-Ganj or Dastur al-Muluk is a book on practical ethics and royal etiquette written by Abulqasem Shazani Neishaburi between 503-509 AD. This work is written in 12 chapters on various topics, from Persian literature to ethics, politics, jurisprudence, mysticism, etc., as can be seen from the text, the contents of the book are missing until the second chapter. This collection is of considerable importance, firstly because of its uniqueness and then because of its age - which goes back to the Ghaznavid period. The purpose of this research is to criticize the literary and stylistic features and sources of the manuscripts of the book "Dastur al-Muluk" and after selecting the manuscripts of Dastur al-Muluk by searching in the Persian manuscript bank and ensuring the correctness of these manuscripts belonging to Shazani, they collected copies and prepared They were photographed.

 This article has been analyzed in an analytical-descriptive manner and according to its prominent stylistic features in three linguistic, intellectual and literary levels.

 After mentioning the subject and a brief explanation at the beginning of each chapter, Shazhani has examined the different dimensions of that subject in about thirty chapters. Simplification of the contents in this work has been done in several ways. In each chapter, he has given a story similar to its discussion, and by using the verses and sayings of the prophets, imams, rightly caliphs, philosophers, elders and Sufis, as well as quoting Persian and Arabic poems, except that he emphasized the correctness of the topic under discussion, it has turned into a work that can be understood by the general and the specific. Another method of the author to simplify the text is criticism and reasoning.

 Dastur al-Muluk, a valuable work of the Ghaznavid era, contains twelve chapters, and as it appears from the text, the contents of the book are missing until the second chapter. In this instruction book, Shazani has provided a comprehensive instruction for office holders to achieve happiness in this world and the hereafter by mixing educational and political teachings with hadiths, verses, poems and words of philosophers and elders.

 History has always had events in its heart that many researched writings have not mentioned. Therefore, it is obvious that the introduction of each of the ancient historical texts plays a significant role in revealing the obscure and dark corners of the past that have not been mentioned so far. The version of "Kanz al-Jawaher al-Saniyyah fi al-Futuhat al-Sulaimaniyah" is one of these valuable works in the field of Ottoman historiography and is one of the few books that was written about a number of wars of Sultan Suleiman I [926-974], during the reign of this king. In this research, in addition to introducing this manuscript and its author, the stylistic features of this work have been investigated.

 The research method in this article is a library and a descriptive analytical method from the book of Kanz Al-Jawaher.

 The manuscript of "Kanz al-Jawaher al-Saniyyah fi al-Futuhat al-Sulaimaniyah" by Shah Qasim Makhdumi of Tabrizi is one of the authors of the 10th century of Hijri. Shah Qasim bin Sheikh Makhdumi (died 948 AH) is one of the well-known calligraphers who migrated to Istanbul with a number of scholars and scholars after the Chaldaran War in 920 AH. This copy was written on the order of Sultan Suleiman, the tenth king of the 625-year Ottoman rule, and in addition to historical value, it provides valuable information about the events that occurred in several Ottoman wars.

 The prose of this book is one of the examples of technical and artificial prose of the 10th century of Hijri. The prose is mixed with order and is full of phrasing, mention of synonyms, verses and hadiths. One of the important features of the text is the use of long sentences, and among the original arrays, we can mention all kinds of puns, similes, and assonances, which play a big role in creating the music of Kalam. Also, according to the rule of artificiality of the text, similes and metaphors are seen a lot, especially in the introduction of the book. Most of the poems used in the text are written by the author, and Bahr Mottaqareb Mothman Mahzuf, which is for Shahnameh, can be seen a lot in this text.

 Mostafa Rahmandoost is one of the most prominent and famous contemporary poets in the field of literature, especially children"s poetry. The main purpose of this essay is to investigate the methods and stylistic features of this child poet in three linguistic, literary and intellectual levels so that we can pay attention to the main features and stylistic features of the poet.

 The upcoming research will be carried out in a descriptive-analytical way based on library studies. The statistical community and scope of the research in this article is a selection of Rahmandoost"s poetic works in the field of children"s literature in the age group A and B.

 The findings of the research indicate that Rahmandoost used simple and easy-to-understand words, appropriate images and didactic, educational, moral and religious points at the three levels of language, literature and thought.

 The results of the research indicate that at the linguistic level, the vocabulary of Rahmandoost is very much appropriate for the age of the children, free of superstition, difficulty and weakness of composition, use of everyday terms and words, slang and sometimes very simple proverbs to increase the lexical level and Children"s vocabulary. At the literary level, repetition among the images of recognition (animation) and simile is used to a greater extent to teach concepts such as colors, seasons, natural environment, law education, moral points such as altruism, affection and kindness, attention to God"s power, etc. Is. Allowed, other types of far-seeing metaphors and irony have a very limited and brief use in Rahmandoost"s poems in the studied area. At the intellectual level, Rahmandost tries to teach colors, seasons, foods, animals, etc. indirectly by focusing on teaching moral points, respecting parents, paying attention to God"s presence in the universe, and religious concepts.

 According to the most ancient ideas and beliefs, each of the manifestations of nature has become a god. Wind, as one of the important elements of existence, has occupied a relatively large part of ancient Iranian beliefs and myths, and these beliefs have been reflected in our culture and literature. According to Taylor"s school of animism and its connection with myth, animism and mute human being seen in the literary realm can be interpreted in the ancient intellectual-philosophical framework and is not a poetic idea created by the poet"s mind. Also, according to Max Müller"s comparative school, the first religious concepts originated from personalizing natural phenomena. The purpose of this research is to correctly and precisely understand the function of the myth of wind in the depictions of poets of the Khorasani style and to better understand the poetry of these poets.

 The present article was done in a descriptive-analytical way using library tools. Considering the wide range of Khorasani style poems, the works of some of the most prominent poets of this style have been examined.

 According to this research, the function of the wind element in mythology and Khorasani style poems is divided into two categories, negative and positive, and all the characteristics can be interpreted and explained based on Taylor"s animistic view and Müller"s comparative school. Among others, we can mention the positive characteristics of "wind being the god of war", "its connection with life and soul", "giving life and creating beauty" as well as "movement and dynamism" of the wind. The negative functions of the myth of the wind include "destruction and destructiveness", "being cold and deadly".

 What is depicted in Persian poems, especially in Khorasani style poems - which are closer to pre-Islamic Iranian beliefs than other periods of Persian poetry - are rooted in mythological beliefs and thoughts that affect the mind. And the unconscious mind of the poets has played a role, and this issue is completely related to the two points of view, and the more we have moved away from this period, in our opinion, these images have become a literary tradition and traces of the beliefs and functions of the myth. This element has become less prominent in our perception of these poems.

 KushNameh, Iranshah Ibn Abul khair "s work is one of the great epics of the 6th century which revolves around the adventures of kush pil dandan, Zahhak "s nephew. This epic books contains various contents about the history, manners. customs. culture and science during the period of Zahhak " rule and fereydun period. This article intends to answer the questions what was the war tactics and war strategies in the Kushnameh and compare it with historical texts. The purpose of this article is to examine the issues related to the war in KushNameh with an interdisciplinary approach and historical perspective

 The present study is based on the descriptive – analytical method in the field of library studies

 The battle formations and tricks of war in KushNameh is correspond with Historical texts

 The results of the research indicate the battle strategies in kushnameh match with the war and its tactics in ancient Iran in historical writings. This shows that Kushnameh creator used the historical and literary texts of ancient Persia

 Adib al-Mamalek Farahani is one of the great poets of the constitutional period, whose poems have not been studied from the point of view of stylistics. The purpose of this article is to examine the stylistic characteristics of 50 selected poems from Farahani"s Diwan Adib al-Mamalek, in which the stylistic characteristics of the poems are examined on three levels: linguistic, literary, and intellectual, so that readers can get to know more about the poetic structure and literary personality of this poet.

 In this research, based on library studies and data collection and using descriptive analytical method, a detailed analysis of the stylistics of 50 selected poems of Adib al-Mamalek in three linguistic, literary, and intellectual fields has been done.

 One of the language features in the poems of Adib al-Mamalek is that puns play the greatest role in creating inner music. Simple verbs are many times compound verbs and prefixes. The use of old words and terms and verbs, as well as the use of Arabic words and compounds, have a very high frequency. In the rhetorical domain, the most frequent are current allusions, metaphorical metaphors, and compound similes, and historical allusions, followed by religious allusions and observances, are the most frequent among creative arts.

 The high frequency of Arabic words and compounds shows the mastery and skill of the poet in using authentic Arabic texts and divans of Arab poets of the Jahilit period, as well as her surroundings with Arab proverbs and others. The frequency of simple verbs compared to compound verbs shows that the poet has used more simple verbs to express her inner thoughts and emotions. And the high frequency of old words and terms also shows the great connection of the poet to the Khorasani style. The biggest theme in the poet"s poems is patriotism and raising people"s awareness, and after that religious themes and educational and moral issues can be seen a lot in her poems.

 Sociology is a science that examines society and social phenomena and is also effective in changing and maintaining existing processes in society. In the sociology of literature, literary works are examined from the perspective of society and social productions and the elements and structures in them. It is necessary to identify the connection between the ideas and principles of sociology and its various approaches in different literary works. This research will examine the expressions of urban and rural sociology in the novel "I turn off the lights" and "Seed of evil".

 This research has been done by a descriptive and analytical method and the method of collecting information is library research.

 The prominent features of the urban society in the novel "I turn off the lights" are: Prosperity, new thoughts, intellectual freedom, personal freedom, women"s affairs, limited socializing and easy business. The prominent features of the rural society in the novel "Seed of Evil" are: Prejudice, intellectual limitation, women and lifestyle, hard work and difficult lifestyle, hard business, simple and old styles, great socializing and intimacy.

 Based on the realistic elements related to urban and rural sociology, it is clear that in the novel "I turn off the lights", the personal and social life style is modern, industrial, individualistic, without personal and social boundaries and limited to few people. Most relationships are described at the family level. In the novel "Seed of Evil", the personal and social life style is old-fashioned, full of personal and social boundaries and includes many people. The urban society is described along with the state of the rural society.

One of the most important contexts in style is the issue of structure and linguistic, literary and intellectual characteristics of a work. Seyed Hasan Ghaznavi is one of the poets of the 6th century. The main goal of the authors of this research is to investigate the stylistic features and techniques of this poet in three linguistic, literary and intellectual levels so that the most important stylistic features of this poet are taken into consideration.

The information related to this research has been provided using the library method and the descriptive-analytical method, while paying attention to the statistical aspect and the frequency table has been drawn.

The findings show that at the linguistic level, Seyyed Hassan Ghaznavi"s language is simple, without ambiguity and complexity, and he used weights, rhymes, and melodious lines. At the literary level, we can point to the poet"s skill in using all kinds of images, especially similes, and all kinds of literary techniques, especially proportion. At the intellectual level, one can observe the poet"s tendency towards love, praise, praise of God and praise of religious saints, advice, mysticism, and reflection of social and historical issues.

The result of examining the style of Hasan Ghaznavi"s divan shows that the poet has been very successful in the three levels of language, literature and thought. More than half of Seyyed Hasan Ghaznavi"s divan is devoted to odes; Therefore, he can be considered an ode poet.